BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention is concerned with novel 1-fluoromethyl substituted alkylamines.
[0002] Various nonfluorinated substituted alkylamines such as histamine, 2-(3,'4-dihydroxyphenyl)
ethylamine (dopamine), tyramine, amphetamine and hydroxyamphetamine, are known. These
compounds exhibit various physiological.activities and have various clinical utilities
(See D. M. Aviado "Sympathomimetic Drugs", Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1970).
[0003] 1-Fluoromethyl substituted alkyl amines have been discovered. These amines have decarboxylase
inhibiting activity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] 1-Fluoromethyl substituted alkylamines and salts thereof.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0005] An embodiment of the present invention is compounds having the formula
wherein R is a substituted C
l-C
4alkyl group.
[0006] The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the formula I compounds are
also included. In general, the salts are those of the formula I base with a suitable
organic or inorganic acid. Preferred inorganic acid salts are the hydrohalides e.g.,
hydrochlorides, hydro- iodides, hydrobromides; the sulfates, and the phosphates. The
hydrohalides, and especially the hydrochlorides, are more preferred.
[0007] The formula I compounds have a chiral center and may occur in optically active forms
i.e., as optical isomers. These isomers are designated conventionally by the symbols
L and D, + and -, 1 and d, S and R or combinations thereof. Where the compound name
or formula has no isomer designation, the name or formula includes the individual
isomers, mixtures thereof and racemates.
[0008] The compounds having the S-isomer configuration are, in general, preferred.
[0009] R is a substituted alkyl group exemplified by
where R
1 is H or
C2-
C6 alkanoyl e.g., CH
3-Co, CH
3(CH
2)
4-CO, (C
H3)
3C-CO and the like;
preferably
and
[0011] Compounds which are particularly preferred have the formula
More preferred formula II compounds are those wherein R
1 is hydrogen; formula II compounds having the S-isomer configuration are especially
preferred.
[0012] Another particularly preferred compound has the formula
[0013] Another preferred compound has the formula
[0014] Another preferred compound has the formula
[0015] Still another preferred compound has the formula
[0016] The compounds of the present invention have potent decarboxylase inhibiting activity.
Decarboxylases are enzymes which act on a-amino acid substrates, effecting decarboxylation
to produce the corresponding amine. This action is illustrated by the following equation:
[0017] By inhibiting this decarboxylation, the biosynthetic pathway to a number of biologically
significant amines can be modulated or inhibited with physiologically useful consequences.
For example, a-fluoromethyl dopamine inhibits dopa decarboxylase and can be used in
combination with dopa to potentiate the latter's usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's
disease.
[0018] The present compounds also are substantially specific in their decarboxylase inhibition
activity, that is an a-fluoromethyl alkylamine generally inhibits the decarboxylation
of the corresponding non a-fluoromethyl-a amino acid. For example, a-fluoromethyl
dopamine inhibits the decarboxylation of dopa; a-fluoromethyl histamine will inhibit
the decarboxylation of histidine; 4-FM-GABA (4-fluoromethyl-4-amino-butyric acid)
inhibits glutamic acid decarboxylase; etc.
[0019] Because of this specificity and potency as decarboxylase inhibitors, the present
compounds are also useful as diagnostic tools to determine the presence and importance
of the corresponding decarboxylase in relation to diseases or to the functioning of
biological systems. For example, the role of catechol amines in certain CNS functions
can be studied by inhibiting their biosynthesis with an appropriate a-fluoromethyl-alkylamine;
a-fluoromethyl-tryptamine displays antihypertensive activity; and the study and treatment
of ulcers can be advanced through modulation of histamine biosynthesis using a-fluoromethyl
histamine.
[0020] Representative compounds have been determined to have decarboxylase inhibiting activity
using a conventional in-vitro assay.
[0021] A representative compound, S-(and R) l-fluoromethyl-2(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine,
also referred to as a-fluoromethyl dopamine, was found to effect a pressor response
in rats. This indicates that some of the present compounds may also be useful for
treating hypotension in humans.
[0022] 4-FM-GABA displays CNS activities, including sedative and antidepressant indications.
[0023] The compounds of the present invention may be prepared using any convenient method.
[0024] One such useful process involves the reaction of an a-hydroxymethyl-alkyl amine with
SF
4 in liquid HF, as illustrated by the following equation:
The reaction is generally carried out at temperatures ranging from about -80°C to
about 20°C. This general reaction is also referred to as fluorodehydroxylation and
is described in the Journal of Organic Chemistry 40, 3809-10 (1975).
[0025] Another useful method for preparation of a-fluoromethyl amines involves photofluorination,
e.g.:
This process was described generally in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 5591 (1976) and ibid.
92, 7494 (1970).
[0026] An acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by conventional
treatment of the a-fluoromethyl amine with a useful acid generally in a suitable solvent.
[0027] A single enantiomer of the present compounds may be obtained by (1) resolving the
fluoromethyl amine racemate using conventional resolution techniques or (2) resolving
the precursor a-hydroxymethyl amine using conventional resolution techniques and then
fluorodehydroxylating the precursor enantiomer. A conventional resolution technique
may involve formation of a salt of the appropriate amine with an optically active
acid and subsequently recovering the specific enantiomer from the salt.
[0028] Compounds of the formula
where R
1 is C
2-C
6 alkanoyl are prepared by acylating the corresponding compound where R
l is hydrogen, in an acid medium to prevent acylation of the amino group. In general,
conventional acylating agents and conditions are employed.
[0029] The following examples illustrate preparation of representative compounds of the
present invention. All temperatures are in °C. Melting points are determined in open
capillary and are uncorrected.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of R-α-Fluoromethyl-Dogamine·HCl
a) Preparation of R-a-Hydroxymethyl-Dopamine·HCl
[0030] Four and 55/100 g of sodium borohydride is suspended by stirring (magnetic stirring
bar) with 250 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). TO the stirred suspension there is added
6.7 g of CaCl
2 (powder), the mixture stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature, then refluxed under
stirring for 90 minutes. To the Ca(BH
4)2 solution thus obtained, a solution of 10.2 g of methyl ester of D-DOPA (DOPA =
3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine) in 55 ml of T
HF is admixed. After 15 minutes at room temperature, the suspension is refluxed with
continued stirring for 5-1/2 hours. (Note: The whole operation described above was
conducted under a protective blanket of dry N
2 gas.) The solvent is evaporated in vacuo and methanol (300 ml) is added with caution.
After the gas evolution ceases, the solvent is removed by distillation in vacuo, fresh
methanol is added again, then HC1 gas is passed in until saturation. Solvent is removed
again by evaporation in vacuo and the whole CH
3OH/HCl treatment is repeated. (These treatments split the borate complex formed in
the reduction as well as removing the methyl borate). The residue is dissolved in
H
20, 109 ml of 0.55M aq. H
2S0
4 is added and the mixture aged at 5°C overnight. The CaS0
4 is added and the mixture aged at 5°C overnight. The CaSO
4·2H
2O is then removed by filtration, washed with water (10 ml) and isopropanol (2 x 30
ml). The combined filtrates were evaporated in vacuo to dryness, the solid residue
is stirred with isopropanol (100 ml) for 1/2 h., filtered, cake washed with isopropanol
(2 x 30 ml), the combined filtrates evaporated to dryness in vacuo. This crude product
is further purified by elution chromatography (cation-exchange resin column made of
0.95 1 AG50-X-8 resin, 200/400 mesh, H
+ form). Effluent is monitored by LKB UVICORD II UV monitor. Elution is as follows:
[0031] The product is located by the UV absorption monitor, which is connected with a chart
recorder. The UV absorbing peak is released by the last solvent listed. The appropriate
fractions are combined and evaporated to dryness in vacuo, to deliver the hydrochloride
of R-a-hydroxymethyl-dopamine. For final purification this is recrystallized from
isopropanol, to give crystalline product, m.p. 159-160°C. [a]
D: 19.5 + 0.5° (c, 1 in 1M aq. HC1).
b) Preparation of R-α-Fluoromethyl-Dopamine-HCl
[0032] One g of the product obtained under a) is charged into a KEL-F
® reactor. HF gas is passed in while the reactor is immersed in a dry-ice- acetone
bath, until a solution with 30 ml volume forms. The cooling bath is removed and the
solvent evaporated by passing through a stream of N
2 gas. The residue thus obtained represents the HF salt of R-a-hydroxymethyl-dopamine.
This is redissolved by condensing into the reactor HF again by cooling it in a dry-ice-acetone
bath and passing in HF gas until a solution with volume 50 ml forms. SF
4 gas (1.5 ml, measured as liquid at -78°C) is passed in then under continuous cooling
and stirring and the solution left standing overnight, while the reactor is being
kept in the cooling bath, but without replenishing dry ice. The solvent is removed
the next morning by passing through a stream of N
2 and the residue is redissolved in 2.5M aq. HC1 (25 ml), evaporated to dryness and
the residue purified by elution chromatography on a column made of cation-exchange
resin (190 ml of Dowex 50 AG50-X-8, 200/400 mesh). Elution with water, followed by
0.5M aq. HC1 with 5% methanol (2 1), followed by 0.6M aq. HC1 with 10% methanol (4
1). UV absorption of the effluent is followed by LKB UVICORD II recording UV monitor.
The effluent fractions containing UV absorbing material are evaporated to dryness
in vacuo to deliver R-α-fluoromethyl-dopamine.HCl. 0.6 g of this crude product is
dissolved in isopropanol (4 ml), treated with DARCO G-60, then 26 ml of ethyl acetate
is added. The crystalline product is refluxed once more in a similar manner, to give
0.545 g of pure HC1 salt , m.p. 152-3°C [α]
D: 18.4 +
0.5 (
C, 1 in 1M aq. HCl).
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of S-α-Fluoramethyl-Dopamine.HCl
[0033] S-a-Fluoromethyl dopamine·HCl is synthesized in an entirely analogous manner as described
in Example 1 for the R isomer; however to obtain the S isomer, the methyl ester of
L-DOPA is employed as starting material. The intermediate S-hyaroxymethyl dopamine
has a melting point of 159-60°C; [a]
D: - 20.1 + 0.5° (C, 1 in 1M aq. HCl). The S-α-fluoramethyl-dopamine·HCl obtained from
this fluorodehydroxylation, has a m.p. = 151-3°C, [a]
D: -19.2 + 0.5° (C, 1 in 1M aq. HC1).
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of R-a-Fluoromethyl-Histamine
[0034] One g of D-histidinol is placed into a KEL-F reactor; the reactor is immersed into
a dry-ice-acetone cooling bath and HF gas is passed in until a volume of 40 ml collects.
SF4 gas is passed in (2.0 ml, measured as liquid, at -78°C) and the mixture kept at
-78°C for 5 hours. The cooling bath is removed and the solvent evaporated by passing
N
2 gas through it. The residue is dissolved in cc. aq. HC1 (15 ml), the solution is
evaporated to dryness in vacuo to yield substantially pure R-a-fluoromethyl-histamine
hydrochloride-hydrofluoride salt. For transformation into the dihydrochloride salt,
this product is dissolved in water and charged onto a cation-exchange resin column
Dowex 50-X-8 (ml resin, H
+ form). The column is washed first with H
20 until the effluent becomes neutral, then the product is eluted with 4M aq.
HC1 (275 ml). This effluent is evaporated to dryness to deliver substantially pure
R-a-fluoromethyl-histamine dihydrochloride. This is recrystallized by dissolving it
in 40 ml of boiling ethanol 2BA, concentrating this solution by evaporation in vacuo
to 15 ml volume and cooled (ice-bath) for 2 hours. The crystals formed are collected
by filtration and dried in vacuo to give R-a-fluoromethyl-histamine dihydrochloride,
m.p. 181-2°.
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of S-a-Fluoromethyl-Histamine
[0035] S-a-Fluoromethyl histamine·HCl is prepared from L-histidinol via the method described
in Example 3 for R-α-fluoromethyl-histamine·2HCl, m.p. = 182-83°C.
[0036] The free amines are obtained from the hydrochloride salts by conventional neutralization.
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of (S)-α-fluoromethyl-tryptamine
[0037] S(L)-Tryptophanol (0.7 g, 3.7 mmoles) was placed in a Kel-F reactor, cooled in a
dry ice-acetone bath (-78°C) and approximately 20 ml of anhydrous HF was condensed
with stirring at -78°C. Sulfur tetrafluoride (approx. 1.5 ml, 26 mmoles) was added
with stirring at -78°C over a 15-minute period. The reaction mixture was stirred for
30 minutes at -78°C and then the HF was blown off with a fast stream of N
2 over a 2.5-hr. period at -78°C. The dark residue was dissolved in 25 ml 3N HC1 and
evaporated to dryness at 25°C, in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml H
20, basified with 2.5N NaOH, and the separated amine was extracted with 2 X 50 ml ether.
The combined ether extracts were dried over MgS0
4 and evaporated to dryness in vacuo at room temperature. The crude product (4 spots,
by TLC on silica gel plates developed with ethyl acetate-methanol-water 85:10:5) was
chromatographed on silica gel H (E. Merck, 120 g.) using ethyl acetate-methanol-water
88:10:2 as the elution solvent. The desired product, (S)-a-fluoromethyl-tryptamine,
was contained in fractions No. 31-60 (12 ml each). They were combined and evaporated
to dryness to yield S-a-fluoromethyl-tryptamine characterized as the tartarate salt,
by 300
MHz H
NMR, mass spectroscopy and microanalysis.
EXAMPLE 6
Synthesis of R-a-Fluoromethyl-tryptamine
[0038] Employing the procedure described in Example 5, but using R(D)-tryptophanol as starting
material, R-a-fluoromethyl-tryptamine is obtained.
EXAMPLE 7
Synthesis of R,S-4-Fluoromethyl-4-Amino-butyric Acid
[0039] Eleven and 7/10 g of 4-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid is placed in a KEL-F reactor and
dissolved in 200 ml of liquid HF; then CF
30F gas is passed in while the reactor is immersed in a dry-ice/acetone cooling bath.
The solution is irradiated (through a window on the top) by a 2500 W ultraviolet light
source. (See J. of Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 5591-93 (1976) and ibid 92, 7494 (1970) for
a general description of photofluorination).
[0040] First, 3 ml liquid C
3OF is allowed to evaporate and passed into the solution during a 70 minute period,
followed by another 40 min. period with irradiation. Two additional 2 ml (liq.) increments
of CF
3OF are passed into the reaction mixture with continuing irradiation, each in a time
period of about 2 hours. The liquid HF is then removed by a stream of nitrogen gas.
The residue is dissolved in 50 ml of 2.5 N aq. HCl and evaporated to dryness in vacuo.
This treatment is repeated. The residue thus obtained is dissolved in 270 ml of water;
270 ml of conc. aq. HC1 is added and the solution refluxed for 16 hours, then evaporated
to dryness in vacuo, redissolved in 100 ml of water and chromotographed on a column
of cation-exchange resin. 3 1 of AG-50-X-8 (200-400 mesh) resin is employed in the
H
+ form. Elution: 18 liters of water, followed by 0.4.N aq. HC1. The effluent is monitored
by UVICORD Model III ultraviolet absorption monitor, filter 206 nm. 22 ml fractions
are collected. Fractions 410-610 are combined and evaporated to dryness in vacuo to
deliver 4-fluoromethyl-4-amino-butyric acid hydrochloride. For liberation of the acid,
the 4-FM-GABA·HCl is dissolved in water and passed through an AG-50-X-8 ion-exchange
resin column (100 ml of resin). The column is first washed with water, then eluted
with 2 N aq. NH
40H. Evaporation of the NH
4OH solution in vacuo gives R,S-4-fluoromethyl-4-amino butyric acid. It is recrystallized
from H
20/ isopropanol and charac-
terized by
C-
H-
N-
F analysis and
1H and
19F NMR spectroscopy.