[0001] This invention relates to alkyds, more in particular to water-dispersible, air-drying
alkyd resins suitable for the preparation of'aqueous alkyd dispersions including water-based
paints with a gloss finish.
[0002] Water-based paints having a gloss finish have been known for some time. Water-dispersibility
of the alkyds which constitute the resin of these paints has been conferred generally
by including in the alkyd alkylene oxide groups from e.g. polyethylene glycol in an
amount of at least 9% by weight of the alkyd resin. This amount of alkylene oxide
addition product, whilst considered necessary to obtain water-dispersibility and a
gloss finish, also caused the paint films obtained therefrom to be soft and to have
a poor water-resistance. Attempts have been made to improve the quality of the coating
e.g. by the incorporation of a vinylic monomer such as styrene, but the results have
not been entirely satisfactory, especially not. as regards water-resistance, gloss
and hardness of the coatings obtained.
[0003] It has now been found that novel water-dispersible air-drying alkyds can be obtained
by building into an alkyd 1.25-3.75% by_weight of polyalkylene oxide radicals. These
novel alkyds can be dispersed in water so as to form stable dispersions useful in
the preparation of water-based paints.
[0004] By the term alkyd resin is to be understood a polyester product composed by polyhydric
alcohols, polybasic acids and monobasic fatty acid (of. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science
and Technology, Vol. 1, page 663, Interscience New York). In the case of air-drying
alkyd a substantial amount of the fatty acids are polyunsaturated.
[0005] Particularly suitable alkyds are based on a drying oil or suitable unsaturated fatty
acids, a polyol, an aromatic and/or aliphatic polycarboxylic acid and an alkylene
oxide addition product in which
- the (semi) drying oil component or unsaturated fatty acids constitute(s) 45-80,
preferably 55-65 weight percent of the mixture,
- the polyol component constitutes 10-30, preferably 12-25 weight percent of the mixture,
- the polycarboxylic acid component constitutes 10-35, preferably 12-25 weight percent
of the mixture,
- the alkylene oxide addition product constitutes 1.25-3.75, preferably 1.5 or rather
1.75-2.75 weight percent of the mixture,
and the relative amounts of polyol, drying or semi-drying oil and carboxylic acid
are chosen in such a way as is usual in the manufacture of (semi) air-drying alkyd
resins to be used in solvent-based paints. Especially alkyds having an acid value
of 5-20 mg KOH/g and a hydroxyl value of 5-125 mg KOH/g can be used successfully and
alkyds having an acid value of 7-14 and hydroxyl value of 10-75 are preferred. It
is surprising that with these low amounts of alkylene oxide addition products water-dispersible
alkyds suitable for obtaining glossy paints could be obtained.
[0006] The esterification reaction leading to the alkyd resin is conveniently carried out
at a temperature of 180-260
oc, whilst removing water or any other volatiles • of reaction. The addition to the
reaction mixture of an entrailment agent such as xylene for the removal of water by
azeotropic distillation is preferred. The reaction is optionally carried out in the
presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts are e.g. metal oxides, especially of the
alkaline earth metals, in quantities of (1-10)x 10
-5 of the reaction mixture.
[0007] Sometimes it is advantageous to carry out the reaction in two steps, viz. an alcoholysis
reaction of the drying oil with the polyol, followed by esterification with the carboxylic
acid and alkylene oxide addition product.
[0008] As drying oil component any of the drying or semi-drying oils can be used; also fatty
acids derived therefrom and other suitable unsaturated fatty acids, such as tall oil
fatty acids, can be used. Suitable oils are e.g. linseed oil, soyabean oil, perilla
oil, safflower oil and dehydrated castor oil. Modified (semi) drying oils such as
e.g. styrenated oils can also be used. Suitable styrenated alkyds can also be prepared
by the addition of styrene to the alkyd at 140-160°C for a period of several hours
until a suitable viscosity has been reached. Analogously isocyanate-modified alkyds
can be prepared.
[0009] As polyol any alcohol having 2-6 hydroxyl groups and 3-10 carbon atoms can be used.
In general at least 50% of the polyol should contain at least 3 hydroxyl groups in
the molecule. Suitable alcohols are e.g. glycol, glycerol, trimethylol alkanes containing
1-3 carbon atoms'in the alkane group, pentaerythritol,etc. These alcohols may also
contain a smaller amount of higher oligomeric forms, such as e.g. dipentaerythritol.
[0010] As polycarboxylic acid any acid containing 2-4 carboxyl groups and 3-9 carbon atoms
in the molecule can be used. These acids may be aliphatic, aromatic or cycloaliphatic.Dicarboxylic
acids are generally preferred as the major acid constituent. Suitable acids are the
phthalic acids, maleic acids, fumaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, trimellitic
acid, pyromellitic acid etc.
[0011] As polyalkylene oxide compound any compound having the structure of a number of C
2-C
4 alkylene oxide units
[0012] attached to a C
1-C
6 mono- or poly-hydroxy compound can be used, including the addition.products of partial
ethers of polyhydroxy compounds.
[0013] The average molecular weight of the alkylene oxide addition product, which preferably
is an ethylene oxide addition product, in particular polyethylene glycol, should range
from 200 to 6000, preferably from 1000 to 3000. Polyethylene glycol is a preferred
compound. Certain ethylene oxide addition products are sold under the trade-name of
Carbowax (ex. Union Carbide Co.).
[0014] The novel alkyd resins obtained upon esterification of the above components are yellow-brown
semi-solid resins usually having a Gardner colour of 4-8, and can be worked into a
stable aqueous dispersion. The alkyd resin is optionally diluted with a minor amount
of an organic solvent of the alcohol type such as a C
2-C
6 mono- or diol, e.g. butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or a half ether thereof
in an amount of 0-10%, preferably 0-5% by weight. The solvent, if any, is added after
cooling the alkyd to a temperature of 60-150°C, dependent on the nature of the solvent.
Whether or not a solvent is used depends, inter alia, on the viscosity of the alkyd.
[0015] The alkyd is then dispersed in water, using alkyd and water in weight ratios of 30:70
to 70:30, preferably demineralised water at a temperature of 20-100, preferably 56-90°C
in the presence of 0.25-5, preferably 1-3 weight percent of an emulsifying agent and
0.05-5 weight percent of a volatile water-soluble base, preferably an amine.
[0016] The exact amount of base added is such that the final pH of the dispersion ranges
between 5 and 9.
[0017] Preferably the dispersion is prepared by means of a high speed dissolver, such as
a Cowless disperser. The emulsifying agent and the amine are previously dissolved
in an aqueous phase. The emulsifying agent is preferably of the nonionic or anionic
type or a combination thereof. Certain combinations of a nonionic and an anionic yield
excellent results. In the case of a nonionic an ethylene oxide addition product of
a C
12-C
20 hydroxy or carboxyl compound carrying 2-50, preferably 4-20 ethylene oxide groups
in the molecule, is preferably used; in case an anionic is used, an alkali metal C10-C22
soap, a sulfo-succinate or an inorganic C
10-C
22.alkyl ether ester such asapolyalkoxysulphate or -phosphate is preferred. The volatile
base, in particular water-soluble amino-compound used is preferably a C
1-C
6 amine or alkanolamine and the amount of amine is so chosen that at least 30 equivalent
percent, preferably at least 50 eq. % of the carboxyl groups of the alkyd (as evidenced
by its acid value) is neutralised and the final pH of the dispersion ranges between
5 and 9.
[0018] By this process a novel aqueous dispersion of alkyd in water is obtained containing
30-70 weight percent of alkyd and 70-30 weight percent of water, preferably 50-70
weight percent of alkyd, 50-30 weight percent of water, 0.25-5 weight percent of emulsifying
agent and 0.05-5 weight percent of a volatile base. The average particle size of the
dispersed alkyd may range between 0.5 and 15 microns. Thus dispersions can be obtained
which are generally stable upon storage for at least 6 weeks at 50°C.
[0019] A water-based paint or like coating composition comprising a water-dispersible alkyd
resin as described above, dispersed as a substantially stable emulsion in an aqueous
medium with one or more finely divided pigment. (10-50, preferably 20-40% ww), fillers,
extenders and drying agents and capable of yielding a glossy coating can thus be obtained.
The stable alkyd emulsion is thus a colourless varnish and a starting material in
the preparation of water-based paints.
[0020] The pigment-fillers, extenders, drying agents and other adjuncts can be added directly
to the aqueous dispersion of the alkyd but it is generally preferred first to prepare
a pigment paste and to incorporate this paste into the aqueous dispersion of the alkyd.
[0021] If such a pigment paste is to be prepared, a dispersant and/or wetting agent, water
and optionally an at least partially water-soluble.solvent such as a glycol and a
thickening agent/protective colloid are ground together until homogeneous. The pigment
content generally ranges between 33 and 66 parts by weight, the solvent content from
0-10 parts by weight and the wetting agent/ dispersant from 2-10 parts by weight.
In cases where high amounts of pigments (more than 50%; based on the emulsion) are
used it may be difficult to obtain a glossy finish.
[0022] The pigment paste thus obtained is then dispersed in the aqueous dispersion of the
alkyd by means of a high speed disperser or a similar device. The aqueous dispersion
of the alkyd may be present in one part by weight to 0.5 to 2 parts by weight of pigment
paste, small amounts (a few percents) of one.or more defoamers, a thickening agent
and a few percent (calculated as free metal) of a drying agent, which is a mixture
of metal salts such as cobalt, calcium and lead salts e.g. naphtenates in an organic
solvent. Dispersing is continued until a fine dispersion has been obtained.
[0023] The water-based air-drying coating composition thus obtained is capable of drying
to non-tack in 2-6 hours, yielding a gloss finish, dependent on the pigment content,
which is water-resistant and hard.
Examples 1-7
A. Preparation of the modified air-drying alkyds
[0024] A 3-litre, 4 necked reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a gas inlet tube, a
thermometer and a Dean and Stark apparatus connected to a condensor was charged with
drying oil and/or fatty acid, polyol and calcium hydroxide as indicated in Table I
and subsequently heated to 250°C under a nitrogen blanket, until alcoholysis was complete
(checked by complete solubility of a sample in ethanol). The mixture was then cooled
to about 200°C and the acid/anhydride, polyalkylene oxide addition compound (Carbowax
1540) and optionally a polyol and xylene were added.
[0025] The contents of the flask were heated to 240-245°C while distilling off the reaction
water azeotropically and maintained at this temperature until a sample of the resin
had the indicated acid value and viscosity. See Table I.
B. Preparation of the emulsions
[0026] The resin obtained as described under A was cooled to 140°C and added over a period
of 1.5 h. to an aqueous phase having a temperature in the range from 20°-100°C, which
contained the emulsifiers and base as indicated in Table II. Stirring was effected
by means of a Cowless-type disperser.
[0027] The dispersions thus obtained showed after 24 hours the characteristics as tabulated
in Table II.
C. Preparation of paints
[0028] In a llitre tin the pigment was dispersed in water together with dispersants and
a protective colloid.
1. A water-dispersible air-drying alkyd resin characterized by 1.25-3.75% by weight
of polyalkylene oxide radicals.
2. An alkyd resin according to claim 1 characterized in that it contains 1.5-2.75%
by weight of polyethylene glycol radicals.
3. An alkyd according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the polyalkylene oxide
has an average molecular weight ranging between 200 and 6000.
4. A dispersion characterized in that it contains water and an alkyd as defined in
claim 1 in weight ratios from 30:70 to 70:30; 0.25-5% ww based on the dispersion of
a nonionic emulsifying agent, 0-10% ww of an organic solvent, and 0.05-5% ww of a
base with a proviso that the pH of the dispersion ranges between 5 and 9.
5. A dispersion according to claim 4 characterized in that the emulsifying agent is
the ethylene oxide addition product of a C12-C20 hydroxyl or carboxyl compound having an average of 2-50 ethylene oxide groups in
the molecule.
6. A dispersion according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the base is a water-soluble
volatile amino-compound.
7. A dispersion according to claim 4, 5 or 6, characterized in that the organic solvent
is a C2-C6 alcohol.
8. A process for preparing an aqueous dispersion as defined in claim 4 characterized
in that the alkyd as defined in claim 1 together with the optional solvent is added
to an aqueous solution having a temperature of 20-100°C of the emulsifying agent and
base.
9. Use of an aqueous dispersion as claimed in claim 4,5,6 or 7, together with 10-50%
ww based on the emulsion of a pigment as a water-based paint.
10. A product or process essentially as herein described before with particular reference
to the Examples.