[0001] THIS invention relates to the chlorination of fibrous material, particularly wool
and the like, for the purpose of rendering such material shrinkresistant.
[0002] In this specification the term "wool" is intended to include wool in the form of
slivers as well as loose stock. The term wool sliver, in turn, is intended to include
combed sliver, card sliver, top sliver, roving, yarn and thread while the term loose
stock is intended to include scoured wool, carbonised wool, broken top etc.
[0003] It is well known that the so-called felting shrinkage of wool and the like is related
to the unidirectional movement of the fibres during washing and that such shrinkage
can be counteracted by rendering the fibres less liable to migrate in one direction
only by means of a chemical degradative treatment and/or by treating them with a suitable
resin.
[0004] In the case.of wool sliver and loose wool, which have to undergo further processing,
such as gilling, drawing, spinning, weaving, knitting, etc. it is imperative for optimum
results that substantially each fibre of such material has to be treated in the aforesaid
manner.
[0005] This has been found to be very difficult to achieve successfully commercially and
at present there are relatively few commercial processes available for the continuous
shrinkresist treatment of such materials.
[0006] The most common of the aforesaid chemical degradative treatments used in the shrinkresist
treatment of wool and the like involves oxidation and, of the various processes which
have been suggested in this regard, the most common one is chlorination.
[0007] The term "chlorination", as used in this context, is very broad and includes the
use of chlorine in various chemical forms according to a wide variety of treatments.
These include aqueous chlorination treatments, chlorination in organic solvents, and
dry gaseous chlorination. Of these, the aqueous chlorination processes are by far
the most popular for the oxidative treatment of wool.
[0008] Although it has been known for many years that an aqueous chlorine solution, formed
by dissolving free chlorine in water, could be used in the shrinkresist treatment
of wool and the like, there was a general belief that processes utilising such solutions
were not readily controllable and/or satisfactory and that they tended to damage the
wool fibre. Also, the fact that chlorine gas is very poisonous possibly detracted
from its potential use as a chlorinating agent for such purposes. In this regard it
may be pointed out that chlorine gas is not readily soluble in water and that any
chlorine gas which would escape from the treatment liquor during such a treatment
would be extremely hazardous to or, at least, uncomfortable for the operators of such
a process.
[0009] There is extensive reference in the prior art to the development of chlorinating
agents other than solutions of free chlorine in water which can be used in such shrinkresist
treatments of wool and the like. In this regard it is significant to note that such
development away from free chlorine solutions took place in spite of the cost advantage
which such solutions have over other chlorinating agents.
[0010] In this regard it is significant to note that the costs per unit of reactable chlorine
in the case of such aqueous chlorine solutions is only approximately 1/5 that of an
acidified hypochlorite solution and that this ratio is even less in the case of some
of the other more sophisticated chlorinating agents which have been developed and
commercialised over the years.
[0011] Accordingly, in spite of statements such as that contained on page 122 of The Textile
Manufacturer of March 1967 to the effect that for the continuous shrinkresist pre-treatment
of wool the cheapest and simplest technique is to add chlorine from a gas cylinder
at a controlled rate to a sulphuric acid solution, it was stated by one of the co-authors
of the same article in 1971, that the only economically viable shrinkresist treatment
for wool tops then available was the CSIRO process which was developed in 1969 and
which utilises as chlorinating agent an acidified hypochlorite solution in a pad mangle-
(British Knitting Industry 1971, p77). This statement was repeated, for example, in
1981 (Textilveredelung Volume 16, p45 (1981).
[0012] Of all the aqueous chlorination processes which have been made available to the industry
over the years, the acidified hypoch-lorite process referred to above is still today
the one most commonly used for the chlorination of wool.
[0013] This process is based on the use of an alkali metal hypochlorite, particularly sodium
hypochlorite, from which compound a suitable chlorinating agent can be prepared by
acidifying a solution of it with an acid, such as sulphuric acid, according to the
following reaction:

[0014] It is generally accepted that the acidified hypochlorite solution does not contain
hypochlorous acid only, but that it comprises a mixture of hypochlorous acid and free
chlorine, as is illustrated by the following equilibrium reaction:

[0015] This equilibrium, and, accordingly, the relative amounts of chlorine and hypochlorous
acid (which are both capable of reacting with wool), at any given instance, seems
to depend on the pH of the solution.
[0016] It has been found that the acidified hypochlorite process can best be carried out
in a suction drum type apparatus.
[0017] In such a suction drum, the material to be treated is made to pass around a hollow
rotatable cylinder onto which the material is sucked and which is at least partly
submerged in the treatment liquor contained in the chlorination bowl of the apparatus.
The cylinder is perforated over its entire cirumference so that suction applied to
its inside causes the treatment liquor to pass from outside the cylinder through the
material and via the perforations to the inside of the cylinder. The suction is usually
effected by means of a suitable impeller operative within the cylinder or by means
of a suitable pump located elsewhere in the system.
[0018] Although the chlorination of wool with an acidified hypochlorite solution in a suction
drum generally produces acceptable results, the process also suffers from a number
of significant drawbacks. For example, the temperature of the liquor in the bowl generally
increases during the treatment, mainly due to the neutralisation reaction between
NaOC1 and H
2SO
4, as well as due to the fact that any excess free alkali present in the sodium hypochlorite
solution has to be neutralised by the sulphuric acid. In this regard it may be pointed
out that the pH of commercially available sodium hypochlorite solutions is usually
above 11 and that these solutions usually contain between 0,3 and 1,2% NaOH (mass/mass).
The aforesaid increase in temperature not only results in an increase in the degree
of yellowness of the wool, but also gives rise to a loss of chlorine to the atmosphere.
[0019] In order to avoid this, it may be necessary to cool the reaction medium which means
that provision has to be made in the system for chilling apparatus.
[0020] Furthermore, there usually is an increase or build-up in the concentration of inorganic
salts in the bowl during the treatment which stems from the fact that the sodium hypochlorite
solution contains some NaCl produced during its manufacture, while some Na
2S0
4 is formed during the reaction between NaOCl and H
2SO
4. As a result of this, it may be necessary to change the reaction medium more frequently:
a time consuming operation which may give rise to production losses.
[0021] Other drawbacks relate to the fact that the liquid metering pumps required for the
sodium hypochlorite/sulphuric acid system must be made of special materials which
are resistant to acids and strong oxidising agents and in practice it is found that
these pumps frequently break down. Furthermore, the chlorination with acidified hypochlorite
is best carried out in a fairly narrow pH range, namely 1,5 to 2,0, and deviations
from this can cause problems. It is therefore also necessary to monitor and control
the pH of the liquor in the chlorination bowl and this requires specialised equipment.
[0022] Furthermore, the concentration of the sodium hypochlorite stock solutions tends to
vary from batch to batch and also tends to decrease on storage and should accordingly
be determined daily in order to calculate the amount of hypochlorite which has to
be fed to the chlorination bowl.
[0023] In a recent development away from the acidified hypochlorite process, a special type
of apparatus, the so called "Kroy machine" was suggested for the shrinkresist treatment
of wool in which an aqueous solution of free chlorine is used as chlorinating agent.
The principle of operation and the use of this apparatus have been described extensively
in the literature and details thereof are, for example, disclosed in S A Patent No.
76/2929, U S Patent No. 4,261,188 and British Patent No. 1,524,392.
[0024] In this apparatus, which has been designed to overcome the presumed difficulties
associated with a solution of free chlorine in water; the wool to be treated is made
to enter the aqueous chlorine solution at an angle of not more than from the vertical
and is then immersed to a depth of at least one meter in the solution. It is claimed
that with this apparatus a very uniform degree of chlorination of the wool is possible
and the explanation which is given for this is that as the wool is progressively drawn
into the solution the air in the material is gradually driven out and, due to the
progressive increase in hydrostatic pressure and the resulting capillary action, the
solution is progressively drawn into the material.
[0025] Applicant believes that in the case of the Kroy apparatus and process, the potential
problem of chlorine gas escaping from the treatment liquor is overcome by the fact
that the chlorine gas is released into the treatment liquor at a substantial depth
and also because the material being treated is contacted with the solution for a period
of time sufficient to ensure that most of the chlorine in the solution is removed
through reaction with the material. Apart from this, sophisticated seals are employed
on the apparatus to try and minimise the escape of such chlorine gas. It is, however,
significant to note that, in spite of all this, the new apparatus still makes extensive
provision for the collection of unspent chlorine gas which may escape from the treatment
liquor.
[0026] The Kroy apparatus is completely different from the suction drums which are in common
use in the industry and in order to utilise the claimed benefits of the new process
it is necessary to replace these drums at great cost with the new type of apparatus.
[0027] From the prior art, and from the fact that the International Wool Secretariate is
currently promoting the Kroy apparatus and process as an ecconomically viable apparatus
and process for chlorinating wool with a solution of free chlorine in water in spite
of the heavy investment in new equipment which this requires the industry to make,and
to which the industry apparently is objecting, it is clear that until the advent of
the applicant's present invention all the development in this regard was focussed,
for real or presumed reasons, away from suction drum technology.
[0028] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and means for chlorinating
a fibrous material, particularly wool and the like, with an aqueous solution of free
chlorine which the applicant believes have useful advantages over the known arrangements.
[0029] According to the invention a method of chlorinating a fibrous material, particularly
wool and the like, includes the step of forcing a solution comprising free chlorine
which is dissolved in a liquid medium to pass through the material in a manner so
that the solution can react uniformly with substantially every fibre in the material.
[0030] Applicant believes that by forcing the solution in this manner to react with substantially
every fibre in the material, the chlorine in the solution is given the maximum opportunity
to react with the material so that there is substantially no unspent chlorine left
in the solution emerging from the other side of the material. This, accordingly, reduces
the amount of chlorine available for escaping from the solution during the treatment
process. Furthermore, because the solution reacts uniformly with substantially every
fibre in the material, a very uniform degree of chlorination is possible.
[0031] Further according to the invention the method includes the step of locating and holding
the material in the path of the solution in a manner to substantially prevent channeling.
[0032] In this manner the possibility of some of the fibres escaping from reacting uniformly
with the solution is minimised.
[0033] Further according to the invention the solution is forced to pass through the material
by means of suction applied to one side of the material.
[0034] Still further according to the invention the suction is that provided in a suction
drum of conventional construction in which the material is passed through a chlorination
bowl charged with the solution.
[0035] The method according to the invention can accordingly be carried out with substantially
the same apparatus which is conventionally used for the shrinkresist treatment of
wool and the like using acidified hypochlorite as the chlorinating agent.
[0036] Further according to the invention the chlorine solution is prepared by passing chlorine
gas into water under conditions which ensure that substantially all of the gas is
dissolved in the water.
[0037] By ensuring that the chlorine gas is dissolved as completely as possible in the water,
the likelihood of any such gas escaping from the solution prior to, or even after,
passing the solution through the material, is substantially minimised. Furthermore,
as a result of such complete dissolution a very homogeneous solution is formed which
ensures that the material is very evenly chlorinated.
[0038] In this regard it may be pointed out that one of the reasons why free chlorine solutions
gave unsatisfactory results in the past was that due to large bubbles of undissolved
chlorine gas in the treatment liquor coming into contact with the material being treated,the
material was unevenly chlorinated.
[0039] Further according to the invention the dissolution of the gas is enhanced by passing
the chlorine gas into the water under conditions of vigorous agitation.
[0040] Still further according to the invention the chlorine gas is dispersed into the water
in the form of small bubbles.
[0041] By dispersing the gas in this manner the dissolution of the gas into the water is
substantially enhanced.
[0042] Still further according to the invention the chlorine gas is passed into the water
at such a level below the surface of the water where maximum use can be made of the
hydrostatic pressure and any turbulance in the water for enchancing the dissolution
of the gas in the water.
[0043] Further according to the invention the solution is prepared by dispersing chlorine
gas into water contained in a suction drum in the form of small bubbles at a point
in close proximity to the impeller of the apparatus.
[0044] Preferably the gas is released approximately one to two cm from the impeller shaft
at a point where the impeller of the apparatus causes severe turbulance in the water.
[0045] Applicant has found that such turbulance conveniently serves to enhance the dissolution
of the gas in the water.
[0046] Further according to the invention apparatus for carrying out the aforesaid method
includes a suction drum of conventional construction in which the material to be treated
can be drawn over a hollow rotatable cylinder which is perforated over at least part
of its cirumference and which includes an impeller which is operative in the cylinder
to cause a solution of chlorine gas in water contained in the chlorination bowl of
the apparatus to be sucked via the perforations in the cylinder through the material
while the latter is located on the drum
[0047] In one form of the invention the apparatus may include a chlorinating means located
outside the suction drum for providing the free chlorine solution.
[0048] In another form of the invention the apparatus may include means for dispersing chlorine
gas in the form of small bubbles in the cylinder.
[0049] In this form of the invention the suction in the cylinder of the apparatus is preferably
caused by an impeller operative in the cylinder, the dispersing means being located
in the cylinder in a position in close proximity to the impeller.
[0050] In one form of the invention the dispersing means may comprise a fine mesh through
which the gas is introduced to the water.
[0051] Such mesh may, for example, be of a suitable metal, such as stainless steel, or a
suitable synthetic resinous material, or sinter glass etc.
[0052] In another form of the invention the dispersing means may comprise a tube for passing
the chlorine gas into the water, the end of the tube being closed off and the tube
being provided with a plurality of fine holes extending through the wall of the tube
in positions spaced a small distance from the said closed off end.
[0053] In yet another form of the invention the dispersing means may comprise a plurality
of small bored tubes, with or without dispensing devices such as those disclosed above,
for passing the chlorine gas into the water.
[0054] Applicant has found that with the method and apparatus of the invention it is possible
to chlorinate wool very evenly to the extent where it is possible to obtain the advantages
of the aforesaid new process without the need of having to convert to the new apparatus.
[0055] If required, the wetting of the material can be facilitated by the use of a suitable
wetting agent.
[0056] It will be appreciated that the processing speed, i.e. the speed of the material
through the chlorinating liquor, and thus the contact time of the material in the
chlorinating liquor, will be determined by a number of parameters, such as, the diameter
of the suction drum; the rate at which the chlorinating liquor is passed through the
wool; the concentration of chlorine in the bowl and the rate of addition of chlorine
to the bowl; the fibre diameter and/or material thickness; maximum speed of the plant;
capacity of the dryer; etc.
[0057] Applicant has found that a processing speed of between 0,1 m/min and lOm/min, or
even higher, is possible with the process according to the invention.
[0058] As illustrated in the following table, applicant has found that for the same level
of treatment, chlorine gas dissolved in water caused less yellowing of wool than an
acidified hypochlorite solution.

[0059] In practice applicant has found that the temperature of the chlorinating solution
in the suction drum can vary between 5 °C and 40°C without having any significant
adverse effects on the shrinkresistance being obtained with material being treated.
[0060] Applicant has also found that, in general, the temperature of the solution in the
bowl increases only slightly during the treatment and it is suspected that this is
mainly due to the fact that there is no neutralisation reaction as is the case when
alkaline hypochlorite and sulphuric acid are used. Thus, for example, applicant has
measured the temperature in the chlorination bowl after 2 hours of continuous treatment
and found that acidified hypochlorite gives a more pronounced rise in temperature
than chlorine gas dissolved in water. For example, in the case where no chiller or
cooling device was used in the chlorination bowl, and with an ambient air temperature
of 26 °C, the temperature of the solution in the bowl increased from 23 C, in the
case of acidified hypochlorite to 38 C, while in the case of chlorine gas in water
it only increased to 28 C.
[0061] Although the pH of the chlorinating solution in the present invention depends mainly
on the concentration of chlorine in the bowl, and remains fairly constant when no
material is passed through the bowl and while there is no change made to the concentration
of the solution, applicant has found that when material is' passed through the bowl
the pH of the liquor tends to decrease, probably as a result of the reaction between
the chlorine and hypochlorous acid in the solution and the material. The pH of the
chlorinating solution therefore generally tends to decrease slowly as the time of
treatment increases and it seems to reach equilibrium conditions at a pH value of
between 1,0 and 2,8. In practice acceptable results have been obtained at pH values
varying from 0,5 to 5,0.
[0062] The level of chlorination, i.e. the amount of chlorine applied to the material, depends
on the properties of the material used, the presence of grease and foreign matter,
such as lubricants and oils on the fibre, as well as on the level of shrinkresistance
required. In practice the level of the chlorination has been found generally to vary
between 0,4% and 5,0% C1
2 (on mass of material). At higher C1
2 levels applicant has found that a very lustrous product is formed,probably because
most of the scales of the fibres are removed. If it is required to enhance the formation
of such a product, the of the chlorine upper level could be increased to 10%. It is
also possible to operate at a lower level than the stated 0,4%. It will be appreciated
that the chlorination process according to the invention can be used as oxidative
shrinkproofing treatment only, or it can be followed by a subsequent resin treatment.
Any resin or polymer having the properties required for continuous material treatment
can be used, e.g. the acid colloid of melamine type resins, polyamide-epichlorohydrins,
polyurethanes, polyacrylates, certain silicones such as polysiloxanes, certain cationic
polyamides, etc.
[0063] In view of the fact that the material leaving the suction drum bowl carries some
water with it from the bowl, some water should preferably be added to the bowl during
continuous treatments. Such added water could be utilised for introducing chemicals
such as, for example, a wetting agent, to the reaction medium.
[0064] In practice it is also advisable to discharge the contents of the bowl after an appropriate
period of treatment (e.g. every 2 hours) so as to dispose of the build-up of impurities
in the bowl.
[0065] Although the actual "life" of the bowl depends on various factors, such as, the nature
of the material, the amount of chlorine gas used, the capacity of the bowl, the amount
of water removed from the bowl by the material leaving it, etc, applicant has found
that it is possible to run the process according to the invention for longer periods
( in some cases even longer than four hours) than what the case generally is with
other processes before having to discharge the contents of the bowl.
[0066] One embodiment of apparatus according to the invention will now be described by way
of example with reference to the enclosed drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a suction drum and related equipment
according to the invention; and
Figure 2 is a similar view showing part of the apparatus of figure 1 in more detail.
[0067] In this embodiment of the invention a suction drum 1 is provided which includes a
chlorination bowl 2 in which a hollow elongated cylinder 3 is located for rotation
at a predetermined variable speed in the direction of arrow A about its longitudinal
axis 4 by means of a motor or the like (not shown).
[0068] Cylinder 3 includes over its entire circumference a plurality of perforations 5 by
means of which bowl 2 communicates with the bore of cylinder 3.
[0069] An electrically operated impeller 7, which is mounted on a rotatable shaft 8, is
located in a tube 6 which extends concentrically in the bore of cylinder 3. Tube 6
is perforated over the lower half of its circumference.
[0070] On rotation of shaft 8, impeller 7 forces chlorinating liquor 11 to move rapidly
away from, it and out of tube 6 thus causing a suction action in the bore of cylinder
3 which causes the liquor to pass from bowl 2 via perforations 5 into the bore of
cylinder 3. While impeller 7 is in operation, there is accordingly a constant flow
of liquor 11 from bowl 2 to the inside of cylinder 3. At the same time impeller 7
causes extensive turbulance in the liquor contained inside cylinder 3 especially in
the immediate proximity of impeller 7.
[0071] The other end of tube 6 leads into the cavity defined by the double wall at the end
of bowl 2, from where the chlorinating liquor 11 is returned , in conventional manner,
to the inside of bowl 2 via the apertures on the inside member of the double walls.
If required, water may be added to the liquor so returned to bowl 2 and such fresh
water may, for example, be used to convey such other chemicals as may be required
to be introduced to the bowl.
[0072] A pair of rollers 9 and 10 serves as the web 12 conveying means for a continuous
of adjacently disposed longitudinally extending fibres of wool which may comprise
wool slivers (or loose wool supported on a suitable netting or the like) which passes
around the lower outside half of cylinder 3.
[0073] On rotation of cylinder 3, web 12 is accordingly continuously pulled over rollers
9 and 10 to pass through chlorination bowl 2 and around cylinder 3.
[0074] Drum 1, cylinder 3, tube 6, impeller 7 and rollers 9 and 10 are preferably of a suitable
corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel, for example.
[0075] Bowl 2 is filled with chlorinating liquor 11 to a level at which cylinder 3 is substantially
completely submerged.
[0076] A tube 13, of which the one end is connected via not a suitable flow meter and regulator
(both shown) to a cylinder of chlorine gas (not shown), has its other end 14 located
in the bore of cylinder 3 at a point approximately 1 to 2 cm from impeller shaft 8.
[0077] End 14 of tube 13 is closed off with a fine wire mesh 15 of stainless steel. The
apertures 16 of mesh 15 are of such a size that gas issuing through them will be dispersed
as fine bubbles into chlorinating liquor 11.
[0078] In operation, chlorine gas is introduced into the water in the bore of cylinder 3
as a continuous stream at a predetermined flow rate via apertures 16 in wire mesh
15.
[0079] Because mesh 15 disperses the chlorine gas in the form of tiny bubbles, and because
of the vigorous turbulance caused by impeller 7 in this area, as well as the fact
that the gas is introduced at a substantial depth in liquor 11, the chlorine gas is
substantially completely dissolved in liquor ll
to form a substantially homogeneous solution. As a result of this, there is substantially
no loss of gas to' the atmosphere from the surface of liquor 11.
[0080] Furthermore, because the chlorinating liquor 11 is forced to pass through the wool
web 12 while the latter passes around cylinder 3, substantially each fibre of material
in web 12 is contacted by chlorinating liquor 11 thus allowing the latter a substantial
period of time for reacting with each of such fibres. The suction caused to web 12
also serves to locate and to hold the material on the cylinder in the path of the
chlorinating liquor in this manner preventing channelling of the material. As a result
of this,each fibre of the material is uniformly treated with the solution and a very
even chlorination of the material is accordingly possible.
[0081] It will be appreciated that the material 12 may be treated on the upstream side of
ro.ller 9 in any of the conventional manners required for rendering such material
in a form suitable for chlorination and that the material 12 on the downstream side
of roller 10 may be subjected to such further treatment as may be required such as
rinsing, dechlorination, resin application etc.
[0082] The method according to the invention will now be described further by way of the
following examples and with reference to the drawings.
Example 1
[0083] Bowl 2 of suction drum 1 was filled with water at 15,5 "C after which 0,1% (mass/volume)
* Alcopol 650 (Allied Colloids Ltd), a wetting agent which is resistant towards oxidising
agents, was added. Chlorine gas was then fed as 15 and a flow a continuous stream
via wire mesh meter (not shown) to give a chlorine content in the bowl of approximately
0,1% (mass/volume).
[0084] Twelve wool tops were then passed continuously as a web 12 through suction drum 1
at a speed of 3 metre/minute and the chlorine gas flow rate was adjusted to give 2%
chlorine on the mass of the wool. Upon emerging from suction drum 1, the wool 12 was
squeezed through squeeze rollers to remove excess liquor, followed by rinsing and
drying. The wool slivers showed an even or uniform treatment upon staining with a
dye. The slivers were converted into yarn, from which a fabric was produced. This
fabric showed a percentage area shrinkage of about 8 to 10% when washed for 3 hours
in a Cubex* machine, indicating that the chlorinating treatment produced an excellent
. degree of shrinkresistance.
Example 2
[0085] Twelve wool tops 11 were treated with 2% chlorine (on mass of wool) in suction drum
1 in the manner described in Example 1. Upon emerging from suction drum l,the slivers
12 were squeezed through squeeze rollers and then passed into a dechlorination bowl
containing a solution of 1% (mass/volume) sodium bisulphite and 1% (mass/volume) sodium
bicarbonate. Thereafter the wool 12 was passed through squeeze rollers into a rinse
bowl containing water, and then through squeeze rollers into a bowl containing 1%
(volume/volume) acetic acid. The wool was then passed through squeeze rollers into
a resin bowl containing 2,0% (mass/volume) acid colloid prepared from Cassurit HML
(Hoechst Ltd) and 1,0% (mass/volume) Polythem N-40 (Textile Chemicals Ltd) as softening
agent. The wool 12 was then passed through squeeze rollers (at a wet pick-up of 60%)
into a dryer where it was dried and the resin cured. The slivers 12 were then converted
into yarn, and a fabric was knitted from the yarn. This fabric showed a percentage
area shrinkage of about 1,0% when washed for 3 hours in a Cubex machine, indicating
an excellent degree of shrinkresistance.
Example 3
[0086] Twelve wool tops 11 were treated with 2% chlorine (on mass of wool) in suction drum
1 in the manner described in Example 1. Upon emerging from suction drum 1, the slivers
12 were squeezed through squeeze rollers and then passed into a dechlorination bowl
containing a solution of 1% (mass/volume) sodium carbonate and 0,5% (mass/volume)
sodium sulphite. Thereafter the wool 12 was passed through squeeze rollers into a
rinse bowl containing water, and then through squeeze rollers into a bowl containing
0,5% (mass/volume) polyamide epichlorohydrin polymer (e.g. Hercosett) 125 at pH 7,5
and the addition of the polymer was continued, at a rate of 2,0% polymer (on mass
of wool). The wool 12 was then passed through squeeze rollers into a bowl containing
0,2-0,5% softening agent (while a softening agent solution was simultaneously pumped
into the bowl at a rate of 0,5% softener (on mass of wool). The wool 12 was then passed
through squeeze rollers into a drier where the wool was dried and the polymer cured.
The slivers 12 were converted into yarn, and a fabric was knitted from the yarn. This
fabric showed a percentage area shrinkage of less then 3,0% when washed for 3 hours
in a Cubex
* machine, indicating an excellent degree of shrinkresistance.
[0087] Some typical results which have been obtained on two different wool lots 12 using
chlorine gas in suction drum 1 under various conditions, are given in Table I. For
purposes of comparison some results obtained using the conventional sodium hypochlorite/sulphuric
acid process (1,0 to 3,0% active chlorine) in a similar apparatus, are also given
in table I.
[0088] In table II some of the results obtained with a method according to example 3 above
are given, while in table III some results are given which were obtained carrying
out a similar method but on loose wool using a modified suction drum apparatus. Polyester
netting was used to feed the wool to the suction drum 1 and to support it on the lower
half of cylinder 3 in the bowl.
[0089] It will be appreciated that the process according to the invention can also be utilised
for woven and knitted fabrics and that it also extends to blends of wool with other
fibres.
[0090] It will further be appreciated that also intended for inclusion in the scope of this
invention is a fibrous material which has been shrinkresist treated with the process
and/or apparatus according to the invention.
[0091] It will still further be appreciated that there are many variations in detail possible
with a process, apparatus, and product according to the invention without departing
from the scope of the appended claims. Thus, for example, if required, a catalyst
or the like may be employed for enhancing the wool chlorination reaction.
1 A method of chlorinating a fibrous material, particularly wool and the like, including
the step of forcing a solution comprising free chlorine which is dissolved in a liquid
medium to pass through the material in a manner so that the solution can react uniformly
with substantially every fibre in the material.
2 The method of claim 1 including the step of locating and holding the material in
the path of the solution in a manner to substantially prevent channeling.
3 The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the solution is forced to
pass through the material by means of suction applied on the one side of the material.
4 The method of claim 3 wherein the suction is that provided in a suction drum of
conventional construction in which the material is passed through the chlorination
bowl charged with the solution.
5 The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the chlorine solution is prepared
by passing chlorine gas into water under conditions which ensure that substantially
all of the gas is dissolved in the water to form a substantial homogeneous solution.
6 The method of claim 5 wherein the dissolution of the gas is enhanced by passing
the chlorine gas into the water under conditions of vigorous agitation.
7 The method of any one of claims 5 or 6 wherein the chlorine gas is dispersed into
the water in the form of small bubbles.
The method of any one of claims 5, 6 or 7 wherein the chlorine gas is passed into
the water at such a level below the surface of the water where maximum use can be
made of the hydrostatic pressure and any turbulance in the water for enhancing the
dissolution of the gas in the water.
9 The method of any one of the preceding claims wherein the solution is prepared by
dispersing chlorine gas into water contained in a suction drum in the form of small
bubbles at a point in close proximity to the impeller of the apparatus.
10 The method of claim 9 wherein the gas is released approximately one to two cm from
the impeller shaft at a point where the impeller causes severe turbulance in the water.
11 Apparatus for chlorinating a fibrous material, particularly wool and the like,
including a suction drum of conventional construction in which the material to be
treated can pass around a hollow rotatable perforated cylinder in which suction is
applied to force a solution of free chlorine in water contained in the bowl of the
apparatus to pass through the material by sucking the solution via the perforations
in the cylinder through the material while the latter is located on the drum.
12 The apparatus of claim 11 including a chlorinating means located outside the suction
drum for providing the free chlorine solution.
13 The apparatus of claim 11 including means for dispersing chlorine gas in the form
of small bubbles in the cylinder.
14 The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the suction in the cylinder is caused by an impeller
operative in the cylinder, the dispersing means being located in the cylinder in a
position in close proximity to the impeller.
15 The apparatus of claims 13 or 14 wherein the dispersing means comprises a fine
mesh through which the gas is introduced to the water.
16 The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the mesh is of a suitable metal, such as stainless
steel, or of a suitable synthetic resinous material or of sinter glass.
17 The apparatus of any one of claims 13 or 14 wherein the dispersing means comprises
a tube for passing the chlorine gas into the water, the end of the tube being closed
off and the tube being provided with a plurality of fine holes extending through the
wall of the tube in positions spaced a small distance from the said closed off end.
18 The apparatus of any one of claims 13 or 14 wherein the dispersing means comprises
a plurality of small bored tubes by means of which the chlorine gas is passed into
the water.
19 A method of chlorinating a fibrous material, particularly wool and the like, substantially
as herein described and with reference to the drawings and examples.
20 Apparatus for chlorinating a fibrous material particularly wool and the like, substantially
as herein described with reference to the examples and as illustrated in the drawings.
21 The method or apparatus of anyone of the preceding claims wherin the material is
wool slivers or wool tops.
22 The product of the method or apparatus of anyone of the preceding claims.