BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to a method for refining glyceride oils by contacting the
oils with an adsorbent capable of removing certain impurities. More specifically,
it has been found that amorphous silicas are quite effective in adsorbing both soaps
and phospholipids from caustic treated or caustic refined glyceride oils, to produce
oil products with substantially lowered concentrations of these impurities. For purposes
of this specification, the term "impurities" refers to soaps and phospholjpids. The
phospholipids are associated with metal ions and together they will be referred to
as "trace contaminants." The term "glyceride oils" as used herein is intended to encompass
both vegetable and animal oils. The term is primarily intended to describe the so-called
edible oils, i.e., oils derived from fruits or seeds of plants and used chiefly in
foodstuffs, but it is understood that oils whose end use is as non-edibles are to
be included as well. The invention is applicable to oils which have been subjected
to caustic treatment, which is the refining step in which soaps are formed in the
oil.
[0002] Crude glyceride oils, particularly vegetable oils, are refined by a multi-stage process,
the first step of which typically is "degumming" or "desliming" by treatment with
water or with a chemical such as phosphoric acid, citric acid or acetic anhydrid.
This treatment removes some but not all gums and certain other contaminants. Some
of the phosphorus content of the oil is removed with the gums. Either crude or degummed
oil may be treated in a chemical, or caustic, refining process. The addition of an
alkali solution, caustic soda for example, to a crude or degummed oil causes neutralization
of free fatty acids to form soaps. This step in the refining process will be referred
to herein as "caustic treatment" and oils treated in this manner will be referred
to as "caustic treated oils. Soaps generated during caustic treatment are an impurity
which must be removed from the oil because they have a detrimental effect on the flavor
and stability of the finished oil. Moreover, the presence of soaps is harmful to the
catalysts used in the oil hydrogenation process.
[0003] Current industrial practice is to first remove soaps by centrifugal separation (referred
to as "primary centrifugation"). In this specification, oils which have been subjected
to caustic treatment and primary centrifugation will be referred to as "caustic refined"
oil. Conventionally, the caustic refined oil, which still has significant soap content,
is subjected to a water wash, which dissolves the soaps from the oil phase into the
aqueous phase. The two phases are separated by centrifugation, although complete separation
of the phases is not possible, even under the best of conditions. The light phase
discharge is water-washed oil which now has reduced soap content. The heavy phase
is a dilute soapy water solution. Frequently, the water wash and centrifugation steps
must be repeated in order to reduce the soap content of the oil below about 50 ppm.
The water-washed oil then must be dried to remove residual moisture to below about
0.1 weight percent. The dried oil is then either transferred to the bleaching process
or is shipped or stored as once-refined oil.
[0004] A significant part of the waste discharge from the caustic refining of vegetable
oil results from the water wash process used to remove soaps. In fact, a primary reason
for refiners' use of the physical refining process is to avoid the wastestream production
associated with removal of soaps generated in the caustic refining process: since
no caustic is used in physical refining, no soaps are generated. In addition, in the
caustic refining process, some oil is lost in the water wash process. In the caustic
refining process to which this invention relates, moreover, the dilute soapstock must
be treated before disposal, typically with an inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid
in a process termed acidulation. Sulfuric acid is frequently used. It can be seen
that quite a number of separate unit operations make up the soap removal process,
each of which results in some degree of oil loss. The removal and disposal of soaps
and aqueous soapstock is one of the most considerable problems associated with the
caustic refining of glyceride oils.
[0005] In addition to removal of soaps created in the caustic refining process, phosphorus-containing
trace contaminants must be removed from the oil. The presence of these trace contaminants
can lend off colors, odors and flavors to the finished oil product. These compounds
are phospholipids, with which are associated ionic forms of the metals calcium, magnesium,
iron and copper. For purposes of this invention, references to the removal or adsorption
of phospholipids is intended also to refer to removal or adsorption of the associated
metal ions. Adsorption of phosphorus on various adsorbents (for example, bleaching
earth) has been practiced but only with respect to oils undergoing physical refining
(in which no soaps are generated) or in caustic refining subsequent to water wash
steps (in which the soaps are removed). No adsorption process has accomplished the
removal of both soaps and phospholipids at an early stage of caustic refining where
large quantities of soaps are present.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] A simple physical adsorption process has been found whereby soaps and phospholipids
can be removed from caustic treated or caustic refined vegetable oils in a single
unit operation. This unique process completely eliminates the need to subject caustic
treated or caustic refined oil to a water washing process in order to remove soaps.
It also eliminates the need for a separate adsorption process to reduce the phospholipid
content of the oil. The process described herein utilizes amorphous silica adsorbents
having an average pore diameter of greater than 60A which can remove all or substantially
all soaps from the oil and which reduce the phospholipid content on the oil to at
least below 15 parts per million, preferably below 5 parts per million, most preferably
substantially to zero.
[0007] It is the primary object of this invention to introduce a single unit operation into
the caustic refining of glyceride oils which both eliminates soap and reduces the
phospholipid content of oils to acceptable levels. Adsorption of soaps and phospholipids
(together with associated contaminants) onto amorphous silica in the manner described
offers tremendous advantage in caustic refining by eliminating the several unit operations
required when conventional water-washing, centrifugation and drying are employed to
remove soaps from the oils. In addition, this method eliminates the need for wastewater
treatment and disposal from those operations. Over and above the cost savings realized
from this tremendous simplification of the oil processing, the overall value of the
product is increased since a significant by-product of conventional caustic refining
is dilute aqueous soapstock, which is of very low value and requires substantial treatment
before disposal is permitted by environmental authority.
[0008] It is also intended that use of the method of this invention may reduce or potentially
eliminate the need for bleaching earth treatment. In this invention only one adsorption
step is used for removal of both soaps and phospholipids. Additional treatment with
bleaching earth to remove these impurities typically will not be required. Reduction
or elimination of an additional bleaching earth step will result in substantial oil
conservation as this step typically results in significant oil loss. Moreover, since
spent bleaching earth has a tendency to undergo spontaneous combustion, reduction
or elimination of this step will yield an occupationall
y and environmentally safer process.
[0009] An additional object of the invention is to simplify the recovery costs and processing
now associated with preparation of the aqueous soapstock for use in the animal feed
industry. The spent silica adsorbent can be used in animal feeds either as is or after
acidulation to convert the soaps into free fatty acids. The need in the conventional
caustic refining process for drying or concentrating the dilute soapstock is eliminated
by this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIGURE 1 is a graphic representation of adsorption isotherms for the capacity of
amorphous silica for combined phospholipids and soaps. The isotherms are based on
the results of Example II as shown in Table V.
[0011] FIGURE 2 is a graphic representation of adsorption isotherms for the capacity of
amorphous silica for phospholipids, for treated oil with " 30 parts per million residual
soap. The isotherms are based on the results of Example II as shown in Table V.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0012] It has been found that amorphous silicas are particularly well suited for removing
both soaps and phospholipids from caustic refined glyceride oils. The process for
the removal of these impurities, as described in detail herein, essentially comprises
the steps of selecting a caustic treated or caustic refined glyceride oil which comprises
soaps and phospholipids, selecting an adsorbent which comprises a suitable amorphous
silica, contacting the caustic treated or caustic refined oil and the adsorbent, allowing
the soaps and phospholipids to be adsorbed onto the amorphous silica, and separating
the adsorbent-treated oil from the adsorbent.
[0013] By the process of this invention soaps and phospholipids can be removed from oils
in a single adsorption step. Moreover, it has been found that the presence of increasing
levels of soap in the oil to be treated actually enhances the capacity of amorphous
silica to adsorb phosphorus. That is, the presence of soaps at levels below the maximum
adsorbent capacity of the silica makes it possible to substantially reduce phosphorus
content at lower silica usage than required in the absence of soaps.
The Oils
[0014] The process described herein can be used for the removal of phospholipids from any
caustic refined glyceride oil, for example, oils of soybean, peanut, rapeseed, corn,
sunflower, palm, coconut, olive, cottonseed, etc. The caustic refining process involves
the neutralization of the free fatty acid content of crude or degummed oil by treatment
with bases, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, which typically are used
in aqueous solution. The neutralized free fatty acid present as the alkali or alkaline
earth salt is defined as soap. The soap content of caustic treated oil will vary depending
on the free fatty content of the unrefined oil. Values disclosed as typical in the
industry vary from about 300 ppm soap for caustic treated oil (Erickson, Ed., Handbook
of Soy Oil Processing and Utilization, Chapter 7, "Refining," p. 91 (1980)), to about
10-50 ppm soap for caustic treated and primary centrifuged oil (Christenson, Short
Course, Processing and Quality Control of Fats and Oils, Fig. 1, presented at Amer.
Oil Chemists' Soc. (May 5-7, 1983). Fully refined oils must have soap values approaching
zero. Conventional separation and water-washing processes remove about 90% of the
soap content generated by the caustic treatment step. The process disclosed herein
will reduce soaps to levels acceptable to the industry, that is, less than about 10
ppm, preferably less than about 5 ppm, most preferably about zero ppm, without the
use of water wash steps.
[0015] Removal of trace contaminants (phospholipids and associated metal ions) from edible
oils also is a significant step in the oil refining process because they can cause
off colors, odors and flavors in the finished oil. Typically, the acceptable concentration
of phosphorus in the finished oil product should be less than about 15.0 ppm, preferably
less than about 5.0 ppm, according to general industry practice. As an illustration
of the refining goals with respect to trace contaminants, typical phosphorus levels
in soybean oil at various stages of chemical refining are shown in Table I.
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0001)
[0016] In addition to phospholipid removal, the process of this invention also removes from
edible oils ionic forms of the metals calcium, magnesium, iron and copper, which are
believed to be chemically associated with phospholipids, and which are removed in
conjunction with the phospholipids. These metal ions themselves have a deleterious
effect on the refined oil products. Calcium and magnesium ions can result in the formation
of precipitates, particularly with free fatty acids, resulting in undesired soaps
in the finished oil. The presence of iron and copper ions promote oxidative instability.
Moreover, each of these metal ions is associated with catalyst poisoning where the
refined oil is catalytically hydrogenated. Typical concentrations of these metals
in soybean oil at various stages of chemical refining are shown in Table I. Throughout
the description of this invention, unless otherwise indicated, reference to the removal
of phospholipids is meant to encompass the removal of associated metal ions as well.
[0017] The Adsorption Process - The amorphous silicas described below exhibit very high
capacity for adsorption of soaps and phospholipids. The capacity of the silica for
phospholipids is improved with increasing soap levels in the starting oil, provided
that sufficient silica is used to obtain adsorbent-treated oil with soap levels of
approximately 30 ppm or less. It is when the residual soap levels (in the adsorbent-treated
oil) fall below about 30 ppm that the increased capacity of the silica for phospholipid
adsorption is seen. It is believed that the total available adsorption capacity of
amorphous silica is about 50 to 75 wt.% on a dry basis.
[0018] The silica usage should be adjusted so that the total soap and phospholipid content
of the caustic treated or caustic refined oil does not exceed about 50 to 75 wt.%
of the silica added on a dry basis. The maximum adsorption capacity observed in a
particular application is expected to be a function of the specific properties of
the silica used, the oil type and stage of refinement, and processing conditions such
as temperature, degree of mixing and silica-oil contact time. Calculations for a specific
application are well within the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill as guided
by this specification.
[0019] The adsorption step itself is accomplished by conventional methods in which the amorphous
silica and the oil are contacted, preferably in a manner which facilitates the adsorption.
The adsorption step may be by any convenient batch or continuous process. In any case,
agitation or other mixing will enhance the adsorption efficiency of the silica.
[0020] The adsorption can be conducted at any convenient temperature at which the oil is
a liquid. The caustic refined oil and amorphous silica are contacted as described
above for a period sufficient to achieve the desired levels of soap and phospholipid
in the treated oil. The specific contact time will vary somewhat with the selected
process, i.e., batch or continuous. In addition, the adsorbent usage, that is, the
relative quantity of adsorbent brought into contact with the oil, will affect the
amount of soaps and phospholipids removed. The adsorbent usage is quantified as the
weight percent of amorphous silica (on a dry weight basis after ignition at 1750°F),
calculated on the basis of the weight of the oil processed. The preferred adsorbent
usage is at least about 0.01 to about 1.0 wt.%, dry basis, most preferably at least
about 0.1 to about 0.15 wt.%, dry basis.
[0021] As seen in the Examples, significant reduction in soap and phospholipid content is
achieved by the method of this invention. The soap content and the phosphorus content
of the treated oil will depend primarily on the oil itself, as well as on the silica,
usage, process, etc. For example, by reference to Table I, it will be appreciated
that the initial soap content will vary significantly depending whether the oil is
treated by this adsorption method following caustic treatment or following primary
centrifugation. Similarly, the phosphorus content will be somewhat reduced following
degumming, caustic treatment and/or primary centrifuge. However, phosphorus levels
of less than 15 ppm, preferably less than 5.0 ppm, and most preferably less than 1.0
ppm, and soap levels of less than 50 ppm, preferably less than about 10 ppm and most
preferably substantially zero ppm, can be achieved by this adsorption method.
[0022] Following adsorption, the soap and phospholipid enriched silica is removed from the
adsorbent-treated oil by any convenient means, for example, by filtration or centrifugation.
The oil may be subjected to additional finishing processes, such as steam refining,
bleaching and/or deodorizing. With low phosphorus and soap levels, it may be feasible
to use heat bleaching instead of a bleaching earth step, which is-associated with
significant oil losses. Even where bleaching earth operations are to be employed,
simultaneous or sequential treatment with amorphous silica and bleaching earth provides
an extremely efficient overall process. By first using the method of this invention
to decrease the soap and phospholipid content, and then treating with bleaching earth,
the effectiveness of the latter step is increased. Therefore, either the quantity
of bleaching earth required can be significantly reduced, or the bleaching earth will
operate more effectively per unit weight. The spent silica may be used in animal feed,
either as is, or following acidulation to reconvert the soaps into fatty acids. Alternatively,
it may be feasible to elute the adsorbed impurities from the spent silica in order
to re-cycle the silica for further oil treatment.
The Adsorbent
[0023] The term "amorphous silica" as used herein is intended to embrace silica gels, precipitated
silicas, dialytic silicas and fumed silicas in their various prepared or activated
forms. Both silica gels and precipitated silicas are prepared by the destabilization
of aqueous silicate solutions by acid neutralization. In the preparation of silica
gel, a silica hydrogel is formed which then typically is washed to low salt content.
The washed hydrogel may be milled, or it may be dried, ultimately to the point where
its structure no longer changes as a result of shrinkage. The dried, stable silica
is termed a xerogel. In the preparation of precipitated silicas, the destabilization
is carried out in the presence of polymerization inhibitors, such as inorganic salts,
which cause precipitation of hydrated silica. The precipitate typically is filtered,
washed and dried. For preparation of gels or precipitates useful in this invention,
it is preferred to initially dry the gel or precipitate to the desired water content.
Alternatively, they can be dried and then water can be added to reach the desired
water content before use. Dialytic silica is prepared by precipitation of silica from
a soluble silicate solution containing electrolyte salts (e.
g., NaNO
3' Na
2S0
4, KN0
3) while electrodialyzing, as described in pending U.S. patent application Serial No.
533,206 (Winyall), "Particulate Dialytic Silica," filed September 20, 1983. Fumed
silicas (or pyrogenic silicas) are prepared from silicon tetrachloride by high-temperature
hydrolysis, or other convenient methods. The specific manufacturing process used to
prepare the amorphous silica is not expected to affect its utility in this method.
[0024] In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the silica adsorbent will have the
highest possible surface area in pores which are large enough to permit access to
the soap and phospholipid molecules, while being capable of maintaining good structural
integrity upon contact with the oil. The requirement of structural integrity is particularly
important where the silica adsorbents are used in continuous flow systems, which are
susceptible to disruption and plugging. Amorphous silicas suitable for use in this
process have surface areas of up to about 1200 square meters per gram, preferably
between 100 and 1200 square meters per gram. It is preferred, as well, for as much
as possible of the surface area to be contained in pores with diameters greater than
60A.
[0025] The method of this invention utilizes amorphous silicas with substantial porosity
contained in pores having diameters greater than about 60A, as defined herein, after
appropriate activation. Activation typically is accomplished by heating to temperatures
of about 450 to 700°F in vacuum. One convention which describes silicas is average
pore diameter ("APD"), typically defined as that pore diameter at which 50% of the
surface area or pore volume is contained in pores with diameters greater than the
stated APD and 50% is contained in pores with diameters less than the stated APD.
Thus, in amorphous silicas suitable for use in the method of this invention, at least
50% of the pore volume will be in pores of at least 60A diameter. Silicas with a higher
proportion of pores with diameters greater than 60A will be preferred, as these will
contain a greater number of potential adsorption sites. The practical upper APD limit
is about 5000A.
[0026] Silicas which have measured intraparticle APDs within the stated range will be suitable
for use in this process. Alternatively, the required porosity may be achieved by the
creation of an artificial pore network of interparticle voids in the 60 to 5000A range.
For example, non-porous silicas (i.e., fumed silica) can be used as aggregated particles.
Silicas, with or without the required porosity, may be used under conditions which
create this artificial pore network. Thus the criterion for selecting suitable amorphous
silicas for use in this process is the presence of an "effective average pore diameter"
greater than 60A. This term includes both measured intraparticle APD and interparticle
APD, designating the pores created by aggregation or packing of silica particles.
[0027] The APD value (in Angstroms) can be measured by several methods or can be approximated
by the followina equation, which assumes model pores of cylindrical geometry:
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0002)
where PV is pore volume (measured in cubic centimeters per gram) and SA is surface
area (measured in square meters per gram).
[0028] Both nitrogen and mercury porosimetry may be used to measure pore volume in xerogels,
precipitated silicas and dialytic silicas. Pore volume may be measured by the nitrogen
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ("B-E-T") method described in Brunauer et al., J. Am. Chem.
Soc., Vol 60, p. 309 (1938). This method depends on the condensation of nitrogen into
the pores of activated silica and is useful for measuring pores with diameters up
to about 600A. If the sample contains pores with diameters greater than about 600A,
the pore size distribution, at least of the larger pores, is determined by mercury
porosimetry as described in Ritter et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 17,787 (1945).
This method is based on determining the pressure required to force mercury into the
pores of the sample. Mercury porosimetr
y, which is useful from about 30 to about 10,000 A, may be used alone for measuring
pore volumes in silicas having pores with diameters both above and below 600A. Alternatively,
nitrogen porosimetry can be used in conjunction with mercury porosimetry for these
silicas. For measurement of APDs below 600A, it may be desired to compare the results
obtained by both methods. The calculated PV volume is used in Equation (1).
[0029] For determining pore volume of hydrogels, a different procedure, which assumes a
direct relationship between pore volume and water content, is used. A sample of the
hydrogel is weighed into a container and all water is removed from the sample by vacuum
at low temperatures (i.e., about room temperature). The sample is then heated to about
450 to 700°F to activate. After activation, the sample is re-weighed to determine
the weight of the silica on a dry basis, and the pore volume is calculated by the
equation:
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0003)
where TV is total volatiles, determined by the wet and dry weight differential. An
alternative method of calculating TV is to measure weight loss on ignition at 1750°F,
(see Equation (9) in Example II). The PV value calculated in this manner is then used
in Equation (1).
[0030] The surface area measurement in the APD equation is measured by the nitrogen B-E-T
surface area method, described in the Brunauer et al., article, supra. The surface
area of all types of appropriately activated amorphous silicas can be measured by
this method. The measured SA is used in Equation (1) with the measured PV to calculate
the APD of the silica.
[0031] The purity of the amorphous silica used in this invention is not believed to be critical
in terms of the adsorption of soaps and phospholipids. However, where the finished
products are intended to be food grade oils care should be taken to ensure that the
silica used does not contain leachable impurities which could compromise the desired
purity of the product(s). It is preferred, therefore, to use a substantially pure
amorphous silica, although minor amounts, i.e., less than about 10%, of other inorganic
constituents may be present. For example, suitable silicas may comprise iron as Fe
20
3, aluminum as Al
2O
3, titanium as TiO
2, calcium as CaO, sodium as Na
2O, zirconium as Zr0
2, and/or trace elements.
[0032] The examples which follow are given for illustrative purposes and are not meant to
limit the invention described herein. The following abbreviations have been used throughout
in describing the invention:
A - Angstrom(s)
APD - average pore diameter
B-E-T - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
C - capacity
Ca - calcium
cc - cubic centimeter(s)
cm - centimeter
Cu - copper
°C - degrees Centigrade
db - dry basis
°F - degrees Fahrenheit
Fe - iron
gm - gram(s)
ICP - Inductively Coupled Plasma
m - meter
Mg - magnesium
min - minutes
ml - milliliter(s)
P - phosphorus
PL - phospholipids
ppm - parts per million (by weight)
PV - pore volume
% - percent
RH - relative humidity
rpm - revolutions per minute
S - soaps
SA - surface area
sec - seconds
TV - total volatiles
wt - weight
EXAMPLE I
(Amorphous Silica Oil Samples)
[0033] The properties of the amorphous silica used in these examples are listed in Table
II.
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0004)
[0034] The Oil Samples used in the following examples were prepared by combining Oil A (see
Table III), a caustic refined soybean oil sampled after caustic treatment and primary
centrifuge but before water wash, with either Oil Sample E or Oil Sample E' degummed
soybean oils prepared as described below and not subjected to caustic treatment. Oil
Sample E' was prepared in the same manner as Oil Sample E of Table III, for which
analytical results are shown; insufficient quantities of Oil Sample E' precluded separate
analysis, but it is assumed that the identically degummed oils were substantially
identical. Oil Sample A contained large quantities of soaps (362 ppm) determined by
measuring alkalinity expressed as sodium oleate (ppm) by A.O.C.S. Recommended Practice
Cc 17-79. The acid degummed oils, having not been contacted with caustic, contained
no soap, but contained significant levels of phosphorus, as indicated by the values
for Oil Sample E, which contained 22.0 ppm phosphorus, measured by inductively coupled
plasma ("ICP") emission spectroscopy.
[0035] Oil Sample A was mixed in varying proportions (as indicated in Table III) with Oil
Sample E or E' to prepare Oil Samples B, C and D, which are relatively constant for
phosphorus and associated metal ions but which contain significantly different levels
of soap. Oil Sample B contained 75% Oil Sample A and 25% Oil Sample E. Oil Sample
C contained 50% Oil Sample A and 50% Oil Sample E'. Oil Sample D contained 25% Oil
Sample A and 75% Oil Sample E'. Each Oil Sample was analyzed as described above for
trace contaminants (P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu) and for soaps. The results are shown in
Table III.
[0036] The acid degummed oils (Oil Samples E and E') were prepared by heating 500.0 gm oil,
covered with foil and blanketed with nitrogen, in a 40°C water bath. Next, 50e ppm
85% phosphoric acid (0.25 gm) was added to the oil and stirred for twenty minutes
while maintaining the nitrogen blanket. Ten milliliters of de-ionized water was added
and mixed for one hour. The sample was centrifuged at 2300 rpm for thirty minutes.
The top layer was the degummed oil used in the experiment (the bottom layer, comprising
the gums, was discarded).
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0005)
EXAMPLE II
(Treatment Of Oil Samples With Silica)
[0037] The Oil Samples prepared in Example I were treated with the amorphous silica described
in Example I. For each test a 100.0 gm quantity of the Oil Sample (A, B, C, D, or
E) was heated at 100°C, and the silica was added in the amount indicated in Table
IV. The mixture was maintained at 100°C, while being stirred vigorously, for 0.5 hours.
The silica was separated from the oil by filtration. The treated, filtered Oil Samples
were analyzed for soap and trace contaminant levels by the methods described in Example
I. The results, shown in Table IV, indicate that:
1. The amorphous silica adsorbent removed soaps and trace contaminants (phospholipids
and associated metal ions) from the Oil Samples in a single operation.
2. Soaps appeared to be preferentially adsorbed as compared to trace contaminants.
In many cases there were no soaps found in the silica treated oil, while there were
considerable trace contaminants remaining in the oil.
3. The capacity of the silica adsorbent for phosphorus appeared to increase with increasing
soap levels in the Oil Samples. For example, in Oil Sample A (362 ppm soap), a silica
loading of only 0.15 wt.% was required to reduce the phosphorus level to well below
1.0 ppm, while in Oil Samples C, D and E (70, 30 and 0 ppm soap, respectively) silica
loadings of 0.6 wt.% were required to reduce phosphorus levels to below 1.0 ppm. The
presence of soaps in the oil therefore made it possible to reduce phosphorus levels
to below 1.0 ppm at a much lower silica usage than was required in the absence of
soaps.
[0038] The data obtained from Example II demonstrate that the capacity of amorphous silica
for phospholipid and soap removal actually increases with increasing soap content
of the starting oil until a maximum adsorbent capacity is approached. The maximum
adsorbent capacity of the silica hydrogel used under the conditions of Example II
was approximately 55 wt.% soaps plus phospholipids.
[0039] The data in Table V were calculated from Table IV inorder to obtain values for the
adsorption capacity of the amorphous silica. Calculations were made as follows. The
capacity of the amorphous silica for combined soaps and phospholipids (C
S_p
L), expressed as a percent, can be defined as:
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0006)
where the change in concentrations of soaps and phospholipids in the oil (from before
to after contact with the silica adsorbent) are defined as:
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0007)
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0008)
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0009)
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0010)
where "Silica (db, gm)" is the weight in grams of the silica after ignition at 1750°F.
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0011)
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0012)
The capacity of the amorphous silica for phospholipids alone (Cp
L), expressed as a percent, can be defined as:
![](https://data.epo.org/publication-server/image?imagePath=1987/49/DOC/EPNWA1/EP87106683NWA1/imgb0013)
[0040] The calculated values for changes in phosphorus (P), phospholipids (PL) and soap
(S), combined phospholipid and soap (S-PL) remaining in the oil, capacity for combined
soap and phospholipid (%
S-PL)are given in Table V for each of the treated Oil Samples, along with starting phosphorus
and soap values. The data from Table V were plotted in FIGURE 1 in the form of adsorption
isotherms, with the wt.% phospholipids and soaps adsorbed on the silica (A S-PL) plotted
on the ordinate versus the amount of soap and phospholipid remaining in the adsorbent-treated
oil (Remaining S-PL) plotted on the abscissa. The data were plotted in this manner
in order to correct for the phenomena typically observed for adsorption of increasing
capacity (up to some plateau value as a result of saturation) with increasing adsorbate
remaining in the treated material. This phenomenon is predicted from equilibrium considerations.
[0041] The data from Table V were also plotted in FIGURE 2 in the form of adsorption isotherms,
with the wt.% phospholipids adsorbed on the silica (A PL) plotted in the ordinate
versus the amount of phosphorus remaining in the adsorbent-treated oil (P) plotted
on the abscissa. FIG. 2 shows data for adsorbent-treated Oil Samples with
<30 ppm residual soaps.
[0042] The data from Table V and Figures 1 and 2 indicate the following:
1. The capacity of the silica for phospholipid and soaps tends to increase with increasing
levels of soap in the starting oil.
2. Increasing soap content on the silica tends to increase the phospholipid capacity
of the silica when the soap content in the treated oil has been significantly reduced
for example, in this case, about 30 ppm soap, as demonstrated in Table V and Figure
2, for these Oil Samples and this adsorbent.
[0043] The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention
have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is intended
to be protected herein, however, is not to be construed as limited to the particular
forms disclosed, since these are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from
the spirit of the invention.
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