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(11) | EP 0 416 418 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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| (54) |
Method of making rocker arm Verfahren zum Herstellen von Kipphebeln Procédé pour la fabrication de leviers oscillants |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
[0001] The present invention relates to a method of making a rocker arm utilizable as an element of a valve mechanism in an automotive internal combustion engine.
[0002] Anti-wear rocker arms, as described in JP A Sho 63-303030, (& GB-A-2205108) are producible as one piece from high chrome cast iron by casting. The anti-wear property is resulted from high-hardness carbides such as (Fe, Cr)7C3 in the matrix.
[0003] Patent Abstracts of Japan, JP-A 53-1122 (1978) relates to high carbon, high chromium cast iron, wherein cast iron consisting of 3.2 % C, 0.2 - 1.5 % Si, 0.2 - 1.5 % Mn, 15 - 20 % Cr, 1.0 - 3.0 % V, further containing 0.3 - 3.0 % Mo and 0.3 - 3.0 % Ni is melted and the resulting molten metal is inoculated with 0,6 % Ca-Si.
[0004] DE-OS 27 38 379 is directed to a method for refining molten iron and steel bath, by adding a composite clad material, containing a core of e.g. calcium base alloys with a sheath of iron, into the molten iron and steel bath.
[0005] High-hardness Fe-Cr-composite carbides tend to form a directional solidification in which acicular precipitates direct to the casting surface. When a rocker arm makes a sliding engagement with a cam member, the acicular carbides abrase the sliding surface of the associated cam member. It is known that acicular carbides can be rounded or globulized when tungsten is added in an amount of more than 10% by weight to the high chrome cast iron. However, it can not be a solution of the problem, because the addition of more than 10% of tungsten is costly, what is worse, produces tungsten carbides that are highly hard and abrasive to the cam member.
[0006] The invention as claimed is intended to solve the problem as described above and has an object to provide a method of manufacturing a rocker arm that is less abrasive to the cam member associated. This problem is solved by the method defined in the claim.
[0007] The invention is achieved as a result of extensive research made from a finding that an addition agent for treating molten high chrome cast iron is effective to globulize Fe-Cr-composite carbides.
[0008] In accordance with the invention, a Ca-Si base addition agent is added in an amount of 0.3 to 0.6% by weight to a molten metal in a process of casting a rocker arm as one piece from high chrome cast iron.
[0009] The Ca-Si base addition agent contains about 30% of Ca, about 60% of Si, and about 10% of impurities. One or more of Sr, Zr, and Ce is added in an amount of 05 to 5% by weight to the agent.
[0010] The high chrome cast iron comprises by weight, of C: 2.5-3.7%, Si: 1.0-2.0%, Mn: 0.5-1.0%, Cr: 15-20%, Ni: 0.3-0.7%, P: no more than 0.3%, S: no more than 1.0%, and Fe and unavoidable impurities: the balance. The cast iron may additionally contain one or more of W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, and B in an amount of 3 to 10%, by weight, if necessary.
[0011] When the Ca-Si base addition agent is added to the molten metal not as a deoxidizer but as a globulizer, it is added in an amount of no less than 0.3% by weight. The amount of less than 0.3% of the agent is insufficient to round carbide precipitates or achieve the object of the present invention. On the other hand, the amount of more than 0.6% increase cost without more improvement of the roundness. Therefore, the addition agent is to the molten metal in an amount of 0.3 to 0.6% by weight. The Ca-Si base addition agent is moderate in reaction, operable with ease, and contributable to a high yield.
[0012] When such elements as Sr, Zr, and Ce are added to the Ca-Si base addition agent, the rounding of Fe-Cr carbides is accelerated. The reason for this are that these elements have not only an action to retard the fading of inoculation-effect but also a high deoxidation due to a strong affinity to oxygen. However, when these elements are added in an amount of less than 0.5% by weight, no desired effect is obtained, but in an amount of more than 5% by weight, no more improvement is expected. Therefore, the elements are added in amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight to the agent.
[0013] The inventive method of casting a rocker arm as one piece from high chrome cast iron is characterized in that a Ca-Si base addition agent is added to the molten metal in an amount of 0.3 to 0.6% by weight. The Ca-Si base addition agent is effective not only to deoxidize the molten metal but also to globulize precipitates of Fe-Cr carbide. As compared with the conventional method in which the addition agent is given as a single deoxidizer to allow Fe-Cr carbides to form acicular precipitates, the method of the invention can produce a rocker arm of the type having globular precipitates of Fe-Cr carbide. This results to advantages that the rocker arm is the same in abrasion resistance as the conventional but less aggressive against the other member and that the cam member is less worn when coupled with the inventive rocker arm than when coupled with the conventional one.
FIGS. 1 to 3 are photomicrographs showing the metal structure of Examples according to the present invention; and
FIGS. 4 and 5 are photomicrographs showing the metal structure of Comparisons.
[0014] The present invention is described in detail with the sample rocker arms made from high chrome cast iron of which the molten metal has the following composition by weight:
C: 3.50%
Si: 1.50%
Mn: 0.70%
Ni: 0.50%
Cr: 18.00%
Mo: 1.00%
W : 5.00%
Fe: Balance
[0015] In the process of casting, the molten metal of each sample was treated with the individual agent of which the content, amount and elements added are given in Table 1. Every sample was hardened and tempered in the same way after casting. The samples were classified to 7 Examples and 2 Comparisons on the basis of the composition of the addition agent. Examples and Comparisons except Examples 1, 4, 5 and 7 were etched and photomicrographed as illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5. The photomicrographs show white carbide grains distributed in the black pearlitic matrix. Each photomicrograph was analyzed by an image analyzer by which both the real and circumcircular areas of each carbide grain were measured for calculation of the ratio of the former to the latter. The average value of the ratios indicates the roundness or globularity of each of Examples and Comparisons. The values of globularity are also given in Table 1.
[0016] As seen in FIGS. 1 to 3, Examples have carbides in the shape of globular grains. In contrast, FIGS. 4 and 5 show that Comparisons have carbides in the shape of sharp or acicular grains. This difference in shape of carbides is also understood from the values of globularity in Table 1. Examples have the globularities of more than 42% while Comparisons have the globularities of 28% and 32%. It is known that, when the rocker arm has the globularity of more than 40%, it is unaggressive against the associated cam member with the result that the cam member is improved in weariness.
a Ca-Si base addition agent containing about 30 % of Ca, about 60 % of Si, and about 10 % of impurities, is added in an amount of 0.3 to 0.6% by weight to the molten metal to globulize carbide precipitates, and
at least one of Sr, Zr and Ce is added in an amount of 0.5 to 5.0% by weight to said Ca-Si base addition agent, and
said high chrome cast iron comprises, by weight, 2.5 to 3.7% of C, 1.0 to 2.0% of Si, 0.5 to 1.0% of Mn, 15 to 20% of Cr, 0.3 to 0.7% of Ni, no more than 0.3% of P, no more than 1.0% of S, and, optionally, by weight, 3 to 10% of at least one of W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti, and B, balance Fe apart from impurities.
ein Zusatzmittel auf Ca-Si-Basis, das etwa 30 % Ca, etwa 60 % Si und etwa 10 % an Verunreinigungen enthält, in einer Menge von 0,3 bis 0,6 Gew.-% in das geschmolzene Metall eingetragen wird, um Carbid-Präzipitate kugelförmig zu machen, und
mindestens eines von Sr, Zr und Ce eingetragen wird in einer Menge von 0,5 bis 5,0 Gew.-% in das Zusatzmittel auf Ca-Si-Basis, und
das Gußeisen mit hohem Chromgehalt, auf das Gewicht bezogen, 2,5 bis 3,7 % C, 1,0 bis 2,0 % Si, 0,5 bis 1,0 % Mn, 15 bis 20 % Cr, 0,3 bis 0,7 % Ni, nicht mehr als 0,3 % P, nicht mehr als 1,0 % S, und wahlweise, auf das Gewicht bezogen, 3 bis 10 % von mindestens einem von W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti und B, der Rest Fe, abgesehen von Verunreinigungen umfaßt.
on ajoute au métal fondu un agent additif à base Ca-Si contenant environ 30 % de Ca, environ 60 % de Si et environ 10 % d'impuretés, en une proportion de 0,3 à 0,6 % en poids, pour provoquer la coalescense de précipités de carbure, et
on ajoute au moins l'un des éléments Sr, Zr et Ce en une proportion de 0,5 à 5,0 % en poids à cet agent additif à base Ca-Si, et
la fonte à forte teneur en chrome contient, en poids, 2,5 à 3,7 % de C, 1,0 à 2,0 % de Si, 0,5 à 1,0 de Mn, 15 à 20 % de Cr, 0,3 à 0,7 % de Ni, pas plus de 0,3 % de P, pas plus de 1,0 % de S et, éventuellement, en poids, 3 à 10 % d'au moins l'un des éléments W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti et B, le restant étant Fe, mis à part les impuretés.