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(11) | EP 0 629 231 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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| (54) |
ADDITIVES FOR OILS ADDITIVE FÜR ÖLE ADDITIFS POUR HUILES |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
[0001] This invention relates to the use of wax crystal modifying additives in oils obtained from animal or vegetable material or both, or derivatives thereof.
[0002] Oils obtained from animal or vegetable material are mainly metabolites comprising trigylcerides from monocarboxylic acids, e.g. acids containing 10-25 carbon atoms and of the form:
where R is an aliphatic radical of 10-25 carbon atoms which may be saturated or unsaturated.
[0003] Generally, such oils contain glycerides of a number of acids, the number and kind varying with the source of the oil, and may additionally contain phosphoglycerides. Such oils may be obtained by methods known in the art.
[0004] Examples of derivatives of such oils are alkyl esters, such as methyl esters, of fatty acids of the vegetable or animal oils. Such esters can be made by transesterification.
[0005] Reference within this specification to oils that are derived from animal or vegetable material therefore includes reference both to oils obtained from said animal or vegetable material or both, or to derivatives thereof.
[0006] US Patent No. 2,610,915 describes glyceride oils to which are added, before or after winterisation, a small amount of an oil-soluble polymerisation product of esters having vinyl or substituted vinyl group, according to the general formula:
wherein X is a hydrogen atom and alkyl or aromatic hydrocarbon group, and Y is -C-CO-R or -COOR in which R is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical or an ether derivative thereof containing more than 4 carbon atoms.
[0007] Fr-A-2,492,402 describes fuel compositions containing one or more fatty acid esters of animal and vegetable origin described by the general formula:
R1-COO-R2
where R1 contain 5 to 23 carbon atoms, being a substantially linear saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical and R2 contains 1 to 12 carbon atoms, being a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical. Such fuel compositions are described as particularly suitable for use in diesel engines, possessing a cetane-index range broadly equivalent to that of conventional diesel fuels derived from mineral oils.
[0008] However the usefulness of such fatty acid ester compositions as diesel fuels is limited by their low temperature properties. DE-A-4,040,317 discloses that at temperatures below -5°C, such fuels may solidify in supply lines due to inadequate filterability, and describes a process for improving the low temperature filterability involving the addition of mixtures of short chain methyl esters of fatty acids and selected polymeric materials, namely polymeric esters or copolymers of esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acids derived from alcohols possessing 1 to 22 carbon atoms.
[0009] The low temperature properties of petroleum-based oils, i.e. mineral oils and their derivatives such as crude oil, lubricating oil and fuel oil, for example middle distillate fuel oil, are well documented in the art. Similarly, it is known to use additives to modify the wax crystal structure of these mineral oils and derivatives thereof. Examples of such additives and their use are described in US-A-3,048,479; GB-A-1,263,152; US-A-3,961,916; US-A-4,211,534; EP-A-153,176 AND EP-A-153,177. They are sometimes referred to as "Cold Flow Additives". "Chemicals in the Oil Industry", a collection of papers edited by P H Ogden, Esq. which documents the proceedings of a Symposium organised by the Royal Society of Chemistry and held at the University of Manchester on 22-23 March 1983, describes on page 112 how certain alkylated regions of the molecular structure of such additives are believed to resemble the linear, saturated hydrocarbon chains of the heavier n-alkane molecules (paraffin wax) naturally present as minor constituents of these oils. Furthermore, by virtue of these structural similarities, such additives are believed to interfere in some way with the crystallisation of said n-alkanes into plate-like crystals, as they precipitate out of solution in the oil at low temperatures. The additives thus modify the size and shape of wax crystals and reduce the cohesive forces between the crystals and between the wax and the oil, in such a manner as to permit the oil to remain fluid at a lower temperature and to pass through coarse filters.
[0010] In contrast to said mineral oils and derivatives thereof, the low temperature properties of oils according to the present invention being oils consisting essentially of alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable oils or both, are controlled predominantly by the precipitation of higher molecular weight fatty acid esters present as major constituents. Such fatty acid esters are frequently derived from mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. By way of example only, the main components of rapeseed oil methyl ester are illustrated below.
[0012] In general such unsaturated fatty acid derivatives predominate over their saturated analogues, although the exact proportions of individual components within a particular oil may vary as a result of seasonal fluctuations of the constituent fatty acids within the source material, or as a result of the particular method by which they are obtained.
[0013] This preponderance of ethylenically-unsaturated fatty acid esters provides such oils with crystallisation behaviour different from that of the aforementioned mineral oils, with the difference in crystal morphologies between these two classes of oil believed to result from the different structural configurations of the hydrocarbon chains of precipitating n-alkanes and unsaturated fatty acid esters respectively.
[0014] Surprisingly, it has now been discovered that certain additives effective as wax crystal modifying additives in mineral oils and derivatives thereof are also effective as wax crystal modifying additives in oils consisting essentially of alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable oils or both, despite their apparent lack of structural similarity towards ethylenically-unsaturated hydrocarbon chains.
[0015] In the first aspect therefore, the invention is a composition comprising a major proportion of an oil consisting essentially of alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable oils or both, in admixture with a minor proportion of a mineral oil cold flow additive comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a comb polymer which is a copolymer of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenically-unsaturated monomer, which copolymer may be esterified; or a polymer or copolymer of an α-olefin; or a fumarate or itaconate polymer or copolymer;
(ii) a polyoxyalkylene ester, ester/ether or a mixture thereof;
(iii) an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer;
(iv) a polar, organic, nitrogen-containing wax crystal growth inhibitor;
(v) a hydrocarbon polymer;
(vi) sulphur carboxy compounds; and
(vii) a hydrocarbylated-aromatic pour point depressant,
provided that said composition does not comprise mixtures of polymeric esters or copolymers of esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid derived from alcohols possessing 1 to 22 carbon atoms.[0016] In the second aspect, the invention is the use of a mineral oil cold flow additive for modifying the wax crystal growth properties of an oil consisting essentially of alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable or animal oils or both, comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a comb polymer which is a copolymer of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenically-unsaturated monomer, which copolymer may be esterified; or a polymer or copolymer of an α-olefin; or a fumarate or itaconate polymer or copolymer;
(ii) a polyoxyalkylene ester, ester/ether or a mixture thereof;
(iii) an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer;
(iv) a polar, organic, nitrogen-containing wax crystal growth inhibitor;
(v) a hydrocarbon polymer;
(vi) sulphur carboxy compounds; and
(vii) a hydrocarbylated-aromatic pour point depressant,
provided that said composition does not comprise mixtures of polymeric esters or copolymers of esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid derived from alcohols possessing 1 to 22 carbon atoms.[0017] In a third aspect, the invention is a method of modifying the wax crystal growth properties of an oil consisting essentially of alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable oils or both, comprising admixture with an additive as defined in the second aspect above.
OILS
[0019] Examples of oils derived from animal or vegetable material are rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soyabean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, maize oil, almond oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard seed oil, beef tallow and fish oils. Further examples include oils derived from corn, jute, sesame, shea nut, ground nut and linseed oil and may be derived therefrom by methods known in the art. Rapeseed oil, which is a mixture of fatty acids partially esterified with glycerol, is preferred as it is available in large quantities and can be obtained in a simple way by pressing from rapeseed.
[0020] As lower alkyl esters of fatty acids, consideration may be given to the following, for example as commercial mixtures: the ethyl, propyl, butyl and especially methyl esters of fatty acids with 12 to 22 carbon atoms, for example of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselic acid, ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadoleic acid, docosanoic acid or erucic acid, which have an iodine number from 50 to 150, especially 90 to 125. Mixtures with particularly advantageous properties are those which contain mainly, i.e. to at least 50 wt% methyl esters of fatty acids with 16 to 22 carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 double bonds. The preferred lower alkyl esters of fatty acids are the methyl esters of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid.
[0021] Commercial mixtures of the stated kind are obtained for example by cleavage and esterification of animal and vegetable fats and oils by their transesterification with lower aliphatic alcohols. For production of lower alkyl esters of fatty acids it is advantageous to start from fats and oils with high iodine number, such as, for example sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, coriander oil, castor oil, soyabean oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil or beef tallow. Lower alkyl esters of fatty acids based on a new variety of rapeseed oil, the fatty acid component of which is derived to more than 80 wt% from unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms, are preferred.
[0022] Particularly preferred are oils according to this invention capable of being utilised as biofuels. Biofuels, i.e. fuels derived from animal or vegetable material, are believed to be less damaging to the environment on combustion, and are obtained from a renewable source. It has been reported that on combustion less carbon dioxide is formed by the equivalent quantity of petroleum distillate fuel, e.g. diesel fuel, and very little sulphur dioxide is formed. Certain derivatives of vegetable oil, e.g. those obtained by saponification and re-esterification with a monohydric alkyl alcohol, may be used as a substitute for diesel fuel. It has recently been reported that mixtures of a rapeseed ester, for example, rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), with petroleum distillate fuels in ratios of, for example, 10:90 by volume are likely to be commercially available in the near future.
[0023] Thus, a biofuel is an oil obtained from vegetable or animal material, or both, or a derivative thereof, capable of being utilised as a fuel.
[0024] Whilst many of the above oils may be used as biofuels, preferred are vegetable oil derivatives, of which particularly preferred biofuels are alkyl ester derivatives of rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, or palm oil, rapeseed oil methyl ester being especially preferred.
[0025] The concentration of the additive in the oil may for example be in the range of 1 to 10,000 ppm of additive (active ingredient) by weight per weight of fuel, for example 10 to 5,000 ppm such as 10 to 2000 ppm (active ingredient) by weight per weight of fuel, preferably 25 to 500 ppm, more preferably 100 to 200 ppm.
[0026] The additive or additives should be soluble in the oil to the extent of at least 1000 ppm by weight per weight of oil at ambient temperature. However, at least some of the additive may come out of solution near the cloud point of the oil in order to modify the wax crystals that form.
[0027] The additive may be incorporated into bulk oil by methods such as those known in the art. Where more than one additive component or co-additive component is to be used, such components may be incorporated into the oil together or separately in any combination.
[0028] A concentrate comprising the additive dispersed in carrier liquid (e.g. in solution) is convenient as a means of incorporating the additive. The concentrates of the present invention are convenient as a means for incorporating the additive into bulk oil such as distillate fuel, which incorporation may be done by methods known in the art. The concentrates may also contain other additives as required and preferably contain from 3 to 75 wt%, more preferably 3 to 60 wt%, most preferably 10 to 50 wt% of the additives preferably in solution in oil. Examples of carrier liquid are organic solvents including hydrocarbon solvents, for example petroleum fractions such as naphtha, kerosene, diesel and heater oil; aromatic hydrocarbons such as aromatic fractions, e.g. those sold under the 'SOLVESSO' tradename; and paraffinic hydrocarbons such as hexane and pentane and isoparaffins. The carrier liquid must, of course, be selected having regard to its compatibility with the additive and with the fuel.
[0029] The additives of the invention may be incorporated into bulk oil by other methods such as those known in the art. If co-additives are required, they may be incorporated into the bulk oil at the same time as the additives of the invention or at a different time.
ADDITIVES
[0030] Preferred additives in accordance with the various aspects of this invention are described below.
(i) Comb Polymers
[0031] Comb polymers are polymers in which hydrocarbyl groups are pendant from a polymer backbone and are discussed in "Comb-Like Polymers. Structure and Properties", N. A. Plate and V. P. Shibaev, J. Poly. Sci. Macromolecular Revs., 8, p 117 to 253 (1974).
[0032] Advantageously, the comb polymer is a homopolymer having side chains containing at least 6, and preferably at least 10, carbon atoms or a copolymer having at least 25 and preferably at least 40, more preferably at least 50, molar per cent of units having side chains containing at least 6, and preferably at least 10, carbon atoms.
[0033] The comb polymer may contain units derived from other monomers if desired or required. It is within the scope of the invention to include two or more different comb polymers.
[0034] These comb polymers may be copolymers of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, e.g. an α-olefin or an unsaturated ester, for example, vinyl acetate. It is preferred but not essential that equimolar amounts of the comonomers be used although molar proportions in the range of 2 to 1 and 1 to 2 are suitable. Examples of olefins that may be copolymerised with e.g. maleic anhydride, include 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and 1-octadecene.
[0035] The copolymer may be esterified by any suitable technique and although preferred it is not essential that the maleic anhydride or fumaric acid be at least 50% esterified. Examples of alcohols which may be used include n-decan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, and n-octadecan-1-ol. The alcohols may also include up to one methyl branch per chain, for example, 1-methylpentadecan-1-ol, 2-methyltridecan-1-ol. The alcohol may be a mixture of normal and single methyl branched alcohols. It is preferred to use pure alcohols rather than the commercially available alcohol mixtures.
[0036] These comb polymers may especially be fumarate or itaconate polymers and copolymers such as for example those described in European Patent Applications 153 176, 153 177 and 225 688, and WO 91/16407.
[0037] Particularly preferred fumarate comb polymers are copolymers of alkyl fumarates and vinyl acetate, in which the alkyl groups have from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, more especially polymers in which the alkyl groups have 14 carbon atoms or in which the alkyl groups are a mixture of C14/C16 alkyl groups, made, for example, by solution copolymerising an equimolar mixture of fumaric acid and vinyl acetate and reacting the resulting copolymer with the alcohol or mixture of alcohols, which are preferably straight chain alcohols. When the mixture is used it is advantageously a 1:1 by weight mixture of normal C14 and C16 alcohols. Furthermore, mixtures of the C14 ester with the mixed C14/C16 ester may advantageously be used. In such mixtures, the ratio of C14 to C14/C16 is advantageously in the range of from 1:1 to 4:1, preferably 2:1 to 7:2, and most preferably about 3:1, by weight. The particularly preferred fumarate comb polymers may, for example, have a number average molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 100,000, preferably 1,000 to 30,000, as measured by Vapour Phase Osmometry (VPO).
[0038] Other suitable comb polymers are the polymers and copolymers of α-olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride, and esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid; mixtures of two or more comb polymers may be used in accordance with the invention and, as indicated above, such use may be advantageous.
(ii) Polyoxyalkylene Compounds
[0039] Examples are polyoxyalkylene esters, ethers, ester/ethers and mixtures thereof, particularly those containing at least one, preferably at least two C10 to C30 linear saturated alkyl groups and a polyoxyalkylene glycol group of molecular weight up to 5,000 preferably 200 to 5,000, the alkyl group in said polyoxyalkylene glycol containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. These materials form the subject of European Patent Publication 0 061 895 A2. Other such additives are described in United States Patent 4 491 455.
[0040] The preferred esters, ethers or ester/ethers which may be used may be structurally depicted by the formula
R-O(A)-O-R2
where R and R2 are the same or different and may be
(a) n-alkyl
(b)
(c)
(d)
n being, for example, 1 to 30, the alkyl group being linear and saturated and containing
10 to 30 carbon atoms, and A representing the polyalkylene segment of the glycol in
which the alkylene group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as a polyoxymethylene, polyoxyethylene
or polyoxytrimethylene moiety which is substantially linear; some degree of branching
with lower alkyl side chains (such as in polyoxypropylene glycol) may be present but
it is preferred that the glycol is substantially linear. A may also contain nitrogen.
[0041] Examples of suitable glycols are substantially linear polyethylene glycols (PEG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG) having a molecular weight of about 100 to 5,000, preferably about 200 to 2,000. Esters are preferred and fatty acids containing from 10-30 carbon atoms are useful for reacting with the glycols to form the ester additives, it being preferred to use a C18-C24 fatty acid, especially behenic acid. The esters may also be prepared by esterifying polyethoxylated fatty acids or polyethoxylated alcohols.
[0042] Polyoxyalkylene diesters, diethers, ether/esters and mixtures thereof are suitable as additives, diesters being preferred for use in narrow boiling distillates when minor amounts of monoethers and monoesters (which are often formed in the manufacturing process) may also be present. It is important for additive performance that a major amount of the dialkyl compound is present. In particular, stearic or behenic diesters of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyethylene/polypropylene glycol mixtures are preferred.
[0043] Other examples of polyoxyalkylene compounds are those described in Japanese Patent Publication Nos 2-51477 and 3-34790 (both Sanyo), and the esterified alkoxylated amines described in EP-A-117,108 and EP-A-326,356 (both Nippon Oil and Fats).
(iii) Ethylene/Unsaturated Ester Copolymers
[0044] Ethylene copolymer flow improvers have a polymethylene backbone divided into segments by oxyhydrocarbon side chains, i.e. ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer flow improvers. The unsaturated monomers copolymerisable with ethylene to form the copolymers include unsaturated mono and diesters of the general formula:
wherein
R1 represents hydrogen or a methyl group;
R2 represents a -OOCR4 or -COOR4 group wherein R4 represents hydrogen or a C1 to C28, preferably C1 to C16, more preferably a C1 to C8, straight or branched chain alkyl group, provided that R4 does not represent hydrogen when R2 represents -COOR4; and
R3 is hydrogen or -COOR4.
[0045] The monomer, when R2 and R3 are hydrogen and R1 is -OOCR4, includes vinyl alcohol esters of C1 to C29, preferably C1 to C5, monocarboxylic acids, and preferable C2 to C29, more preferable C1 to C5 monocarboxylic acids, most preferable C2 to C5 monocarboxylic acids. Examples of vinyl esters which may be copolymerised with ethylene include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate or isobutyrate, vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate being preferred. Preferably, the copolymers contain from 5 to 40 wt% of the vinyl ester, more preferably from 10 to 35 wt% vinyl ester. They may also be in the form of mixtures of two copolymers such as those described in US Patent 3,961,916. Preferably, number average molecular weight, as measured by vapour phase osmometry, of the copolymer is 1,000 to 10,000, more preferably 1,000 to 5,000. If desired, the copolymers may be derived from additional comonomers, e.g. they may be terpolymers or tetrapolymers or higher polymers, for example where the additional comonomer is isobutylene or diisobutylene.
[0046] Such copolymers may also be made by transesterification, or by hydrolysis and re-esterification, of an ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer to give a different ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer. For example, ethylene vinyl hexanoate and ethylene vinyl octanoate copolymers may be made in this way, e.g. from an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
(iv) Polar Organic, Nitrogen-containing Compounds
[0047] The oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound is either ionic or non-ionic and is capable of acting as a wax crystal growth inhibitor in fuels. It comprises for example one or more of the compounds (a) to (c) as follows:
(a) An amine salt and/or amide formed by reacting at least one molar proportion of
a hydrocarbyl substituted amine with a molar proportion of a hydrocarbyl acid having
1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or its anhydride.
Ester/amides may be used containing 30 to 300, preferably 50 to 150 total carbon atoms.
These nitrogen compounds are described in US Patent 4 211 534. Suitable amines are
usually long chain C12-C40 primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines or mixtures
thereof but shorter chain amines may be used provided the resulting nitrogen compound
is oil soluble and therefore normally contains about 30 to 300 total carbon atoms.
The nitrogen compound preferably contains at least one straight chain C8 to C40, preferably C14 to C24, alkyl segment.
Suitable amines include primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary, but preferably
are secondary. Tertiary and quaternary amines can only form amine salts. Examples
of amines include tetradecyl amine, cocoamine, and hydrogenated tallow amine. Examples
of secondary amines include dioctacedyl amine and methyl-behenyl amine. Amine mixtures
are also suitable such as those derived from natural materials. A preferred amine
is a secondary hydrogenated tallow amine of the formula HNR1R2 wherein R1 and R2 are alkyl groups derived from hydrogenated tallow fat composed of approximately 4%
C14, 31% C16, 59% C18.
Examples of suitable carboxylic acids and their anhydrides for preparing the nitrogen
compounds include cyclohexane 1,2 dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene 1,2 dicarboxylic
acid, cyclopentane 1,2 dicarboxylic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and 1,4-dicarboxylic
acids including dialkyl spirobislactone. Generally, these acids have about 5-13 carbon
atoms in the cyclic moiety. Preferred acids useful in the present invention are benzene
dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid.
Phthalic acid or its anhydride is particularly preferred. The particularly preferred
compound is the amide-amine salt formed by reacting 1 molar portion of phthalic anhydride
with 2 molar portions of dihydrogenated tallow amine. Another preferred compound is
the diamide formed by dehydrating this amide-amine salt.
Other examples are long chain alkyl or alkylene substituted dicarboxylic acid derivatives
such as amine salts of monoamides of substituted succinic acids, examples of which
are known in the art and described in US-A-4 147 520, for example. Suitable amines
may be those described above.
Other examples are condensates such as described in EP-A-327,423.
(b) A chemical compound comprising or including a cyclic ring system, the compound
carrying at least two substituents of the general formula (I) below on the ring system
-A-NR1R2 (I)
where A is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or
more hetero atoms and that is straight chain or branched, and R1 and R2 are the same or different and each is independently a hydrocarbyl group containing
9 to 40 carbon atoms optionally interrupted by one or more hetero atoms, the substituents
being the same or different and the compound optionally being in the form of a salt
thereof.
Preferably, A has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and is preferably a methylene or polymethylene
group.
As used in this specification the term "hydrocarbyl" refers to a group having a carbon
atom directly attached to the rest of the molecule and having a hydrocarbon or predominantly
hydrocarbon character.
Examples include hydrocarbon groups, including aliphatic (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl),
alicyclic (e.g. cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl), aromatic, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic,
and aromatic-substituted aliphatic and alicyclic groups. Aliphatic groups are advantageously
saturated. These groups may contain non-hydrocarbon substituents provided their presence
does not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon character of the group. Examples include
keto, halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, alkoxy and acyl. If the hydrocarbyl group is substituted,
a single (mono) substituent is preferred.
Examples of substituted hydrocarbyl groups include 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl,
4-hydroxybutyl, 2-ketopropyl, ethoxyethyl, and propoxypropyl. The groups may also
or alternatively contain atoms other than carbon in a chain or ring otherwise composed
of carbon atoms. Suitable hetero atoms include, for example, nitrogen, sulphur, and,
preferably, oxygen.
The cyclic ring system may include homocyclic, heterocyclic, or fused polycyclic assemblies,
or a system where two or more such cyclic assemblies are joined to one another and
in which the cyclic assemblies may be the same or different. Where there are two or
more such cyclic assemblies, the substituents of the general formula (I) may be on
the same or different assemblies, preferably on the same assembly. Preferably, the
or each cyclic assembly is aromatic, more preferably a benzene ring. Most preferably,
the cyclic ring system is a single benzene ring when it is preferred that the substituents
are in the ortho or meta positions, which benzene ring may be optionally further substituted.
The ring atoms in the cyclic assembly or assemblies are preferably carbon atoms but
may for example include one or more ring N, S or O atom, in which case or cases the
compound is a heterocyclic compound.
Examples of such polycyclic assemblies include:
(i) condensed benzene structures such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene;
(ii) condensed ring structures where none of or not all of the rings are benzene such as azulene, indene, hydroindene, fluorene, and diphenylene oxide;
(iii) rings joined "end-on" such as diphenyl;
(iv) heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline, indole, 2,3 dihydroindole, benzofuran, coumarin, isocoumarin, benzothiophen, carbazole and thiodiphenylamine;
(v) non-aromatic or partially saturated ring systems such as decalin (i.e. decahydronaphthalene), α-pinene, cardinene, and bornylene; and
(vi) three-dimensional structures such as norbornene, bicycloheptane (i.e. norbornane), bicyclooctane, and bicyclooctene.
Each hydrocarbyl group constituting R1 and R2 in the invention (Formula I) may for example be an alkyl or alkylene group or a mono- or polyalkoxyalkyl group. Preferably, each hydrocarbyl group is a straight chain alkyl group. The number of carbon atoms in each hydrocarbyl group is preferably 16 to 40, more preferably 16 to 24.
Also, it is preferred that the cyclic system is substituted with only two substituents of the general formula (I) and that A is a methylene group.
Examples of salts of the chemical compounds are the acetate and the hydrochloride. The compounds may conveniently be made by reducing the corresponding amide which may be made by reacting a secondary amine with the appropriate acid chloride; and
(c) A condensate of long chain primary or secondary amine with a carboxylic acid-containing
polymer.
Specific examples include polymers such as described in GB-A-2,121,807, FR-A-2,592,387
and DE-A-3,941,561; and also esters of telemer acid and alkanoloamines such as described
in US-A-4,639,256; a long chain epoxide/amine reaction product which may optionally
be further reacted with a polycarboxylic acid; and the reaction product of an amine
containing a branched carboxylic acid ester, an epoxide and a mono-carboxylic acid
polyester such as described in US-A-4,631,071.
(v) Hydrocarbon Polymers
[0048] Examples are those represented by the following general formula
where
T = H or R1
U = H, T or aryl
R1 = C1-C30 hydrocarbyl
and v and w represent mole ratios, v being within the range 1.0 to 0.0, w being within the range 0.0 to 1.0.[0049] These polymers may be made directly from ethylenically unsaturated monomers or indirectly by hydrogenating the polymer made from monomers such as isoprene and butadiene.
[0050] Preferred hydrocarbon polymers are copolymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin, having a number average molecular weight of at least 30,000. Preferably the α-olefin has at most 20 carbon atoms. Examples of such olefins are propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, n-octene-1, isooctene-1, n-decene-1, and n-dodecene-1. The copolymer may also comprise small amounts, e.g. up to 10% by weight of other copolymerizable monomers, for example olefins other than α-olefins, and non-conjugated dienes. The preferred copolymer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer. It is within the scope of the invention to include two or more different ethylene-α-olefin copolymers of this type.
[0051] The number average molecular weight of the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is, as indicated above, at least 30,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) relative to polystyrene standards, advantageously at least 60,000 and preferably at least 80,000. Functionally no upper limit arises but difficulties of mixing result from increased viscosity at molecular weights above about 150,000, and preferred molecular weight ranges are from 60,000 and 80,000 to 120,000.
[0052] Advantageously, the copolymer has a molar ethylene content between 50 and 85 per cent. More advantageously, the ethylene content is within the range of from 57 to 80%, and preferably it is in the range from 58 to 73%; more preferably from 62 to 71%, and most preferably 65 to 70%.
[0053] Preferred ethylene-α-olefin copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers with a molar ethylene content of from 62 to 71% and a number average molecular weight in the range 60,000 to 120,000, especially preferred copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers with an ethylene content of from 62 to 71% and a molecular weight from 80,000 to 100,000.
[0054] The copolymers may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art, for example using a Ziegler type catalyst. Advantageously, the polymers are substantially amorphous, since highly crystalline polymers are relatively insoluble in fuel oil at low temperatures.
[0055] The additive composition may also comprise a further ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, advantageously with a number average molecular weight of at most 7500, advantageously from 1,000 to 6,000, and preferably from 2,000 to 5,000, as measured by vapour phase osmometry. Appropriate α-olefins are as given above, or styrene, with propylene again being preferred. Advantageously the ethylene content is from 60 to 77 molar per cent although for ethylene-propylene copolymers up to 86 molar per cent by weight ethylene may be employed with advantage.
(vi) Sulphur Carboxy Compounds
[0057] Examples are those described in EP-A-0,261,957 which describes the use of compounds of the general formula
in which
-Y-R2 is SO3(-)(+)NR
R2, -SO3(-)(+)HNR
R2,
-SO3(-)(+)H2NR3R2, -SO3(-)(+)H3NR2,
-SO2NR3R2 or -SO3R2;
-X-R1 is -Y-R2 or -CONR3R1,
-CO2(-)(+)NR
R1 , -CO2(-)(+)HNR
R1,
-R4-COOR1, -NR3COR1,
-R4OR1, -R4OCOR1, -R4R1,
-N(COR3)R1 or Z(-)(+)NR
R1 ;
-Z(-) is SO3(-) or -CO2(-);
R1 and R2 are alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl containing at least 10 carbon atoms in the main chain;
R3 is hydrocarbyl and each R3 may be the same or different and R4 is absent or is C1 to C5 alkylene and in
the carbon-carbon (C-C) bond is either a) ethylenically unsaturated when A and B
may be alkyl, alkenyl or substituted hydrocarbyl groups or b) part of a cyclic structure
which may be aromatic, polynuclear aromatic or cyclo-aliphatic, it is preferred that
X-R1 and Y-R2 between them contain at least three alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl groups.
(vii) Hydrocarbylated-Aromatics
[0058] These materials are condensates comprising aromatic and hydrocarbyl parts. The aromatic part is conveniently an aromatic hydrocarbon which may be unsubstituted or substituted with, for example, non-hydrocarbon substituents.
[0059] Such aromatic hydrocarbon preferably contains a maximum of these substituent groups and/or three condensed rings, and is preferably naphthalene. The hydrocarbyl part is a hydrogen and carbon containing part connected to the rest of the molecule by a carbon atom. It may be saturated or unsaturated, and straight or branched, and may contain one or more hetero-atoms provided they do not substantially affect the hydrocarbyl nature of the part. Preferably the hydrocarbyl part is an alkyl part, conveniently having more than 8 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of such condensates may, for example, be in the range of 2,000 to 200,000 such as 2,000 to 20,000, preferably 2,000 to 8,000.
[0060] Examples are known in the art, primarily as lube oil pour depressants and as dewaxing aids as mentioned hereinbefore, they may, for example, be made by condensing a halogenated wax with an aromatic hydrocarbon. More specifically, the condensation may be a Friedel-Crafts condensation where the halogenated wax contains 15 to 60, e.g. 16 to 50, carbon atoms, has a melting point of about 200 to 400°C and has been chlorinated to 5 to 25 wt% chlorine, e.g. 10 to 18 wt%.
[0062] Multicomponent additive systems may be used and the ratios of additives to be used will depend on the fuel to be treated.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1
Additives
[0064] The following additives were used:
- A:
- an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer having a vinyl acetate concentration of about 37 wt% and a number average molecular weight of about 2,700.
- B:
- a 3:1 (wt:wt) mixture of additive A above and an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer having a vinyl acetate concentration of about 13.5 wt% and a number average molecular weight of about 5,000.
- C:
- a mixture containing the same compounds as B but where the wt:wt ratio is 13:1.
Test
[0066] Additives A, B and C were each dissolved in samples of the same rapeseed methyl ester fuel and the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) measured by the procedure described in detail in "Journal of the Institute of Petroleum", Volume 52, Number 510, June 1966, pp 173-285. The CFPP is a measure of filterability.
(i) a comb polymer which is a copolymer of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenically-unsaturated monomer, which copolymer may be esterified; or a polymer or copolymer of an α-olefin; or a fumarate or itaconate polymer or copolymer;
(ii) a polyoxyalkylene ester, ester/ether or a mixture thereof;
(iii) an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer;
(iv) a polar, organic, nitrogen-containing wax crystal growth inhibitor;
(v) a hydrocarbon polymer;
(vi) sulphur carboxy compounds; and
(vii) a hydrocarbylated-aromatic pour point depressant,
provided that said composition does not comprise mixtures of polymeric ester or copolymers of esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid derived from alcohols possessing 1 to 22 carbon atoms.R-O-(A)-O-R2
where R and R2 are the same or different and may be
(a) n-alkyl-
(b)
(c)
(d)
wherein
n is 1 to 30,
the alkyl group is linear and saturated and contains 10 to 30 carbon atoms, and
A represents a polyoxyalkylene segment of molecular weight 100-5,000 in which the alkylene group has 1-4 carbon atoms.
(i) a comb polymer which is a copolymer of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenically-unsaturated monomer, which copolymer may be esterified; or a polymer or copolymer of an α-olefin; or a fumarate or itaconate polymer or copolymer;
(ii) a polyoxyalkylene ester, ester/ether or a mixture thereof;
(iii) an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer;
(iv) a polar, organic, nitrogen-containing wax crystal growth inhibitor;
(v) a hydrocarbon polymer;
(vi) sulphur carboxy compounds; and
(vii) a hydrocarbylated-aromatic pour point depressant,
provided that said additive does not comprise mixtures of polymeric esters or copolymers of esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid derived from alcohols possessing 1 to 22 carbon atoms.(i) Kammpolymer, das Copolymer von Maleinsäureanhydrid oder Fumarsäure und einem anderen ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomer, wobei das Copolymer verestert sein kann, oder Polymer oder Copolymer von α-Olefin, oder Fumarat- oder Itaconatpolymer oder -copolymer ist,
(ii) Polyoxyalkylen-ester, -ester/ether oder eine Mischung derselben,
(iii) Ethylen/ungesättigter Ester-Copolymer,
(iv) polarer, organischer, stickstoffhaltiger Paraffinkristallwachstumshemmstoff,
(v) Kohlenwasserstoffpolymer,
(vi) Schwefelcarboxyverbindungen und
(vii) mit Kohlenwasserstoffresten versehenes aromatisches Stockpunktsenkungsmittel
umfaßt, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Zusammensetzung keine Mischungen von polymeren Estern oder Copolymeren von Estern von Acryl- und/oder Methacrylsäure umfaßt, die von Alkoholen mit 1 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen abgeleitet sind.R-O-(A)-O-R2
definiert ist, in der R und R2 gleich oder unterschiedlich sind und
(a) n-Alkyl-,
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i) Kammpolymer, das Copolymer von Maleinsäureanhydrid oder Fumarsäure und einem anderen ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomer, wobei das Copolymer verestert sein kann, oder Polymer oder Copolymer von α-Olefin, oder Fumarat- oder Itaconatpolymer oder -copolymer ist,
(ii) Polyoxyalkylen-ester, -ester/ether oder eine Mischung derselben,
(iii) Ethylen/ungesättigter Ester-Copolymer,
(iv) polarer, organischer, stickstoffhaltiger Paraffinkristallwachstumshemmstoff,
(v) Kohlenwasserstoffpolymer,
(vi) Schwefelcarboxyverbindungen und
(vii) mit Kohlenwasserstoffresten versehenes aromatisches Stockpunktsenkungsmittel
umfaßt, mit der Maßgabe, daß das Additiv keine Mischungen von polymeren Estern oder Copolymeren von Estern von Acryl- und/oder Methacrylsäure umfaßt, die von Alkoholen mit 1 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen abgeleitet sind.(i) un polymère en peigne qui est un copolymère d'anhydride maléique ou d'acide fumarique et d'un autre monomère à insaturation éthylénique, lequel copolymère peut être estérifié ; ou un polymère ou un copolymère d'une α-oléfine ; ou un polymère ou un copolymère de fumarate ou d'itaconate ;
(ii) un ester de polyoxyalkylène, un ester/éther ou un mélange de ceux-ci ;
(iii) un copolymère éthylène/ester insaturé ;
(iv) un inhibiteur polaire, organique, de croissance cristalline d'une cire contenant de l'azote ;
(v) un polymère hydrocarboné ;
(vi) des composés carboxy de soufre ; et
(vii) un agent aromatique hydrocarbylé abaissant le point d'écoulement,
pourvu que ladite composition ne comprenne pas de mélanges d'esters polymériques ou de copolymères d'esters d'acide acrylique et/ou méthacrylique dérivés d'alcools possédant 1 à 22 atomes de carbone.R-O-(A)-O-R2
où R et R2 sont identiques ou différents et peuvent être
(a) n-alkyle
(b)
(c)
(d)
où n a une valeur de 1 à 30,
le groupe alkyle est linéaire et saturé et contient 10 à 30 atomes de carbone,
et
A représente un segment polyoxyalkylène de poids moléculaire égal à 100-5000 dans
lequel le groupe alkylène possède 1 à 4 atomes de carbone.
(i) un polymère en peigne qui est un copolymère d'anhydride maléique ou d'acide fumarique et d'un autre monomère à insaturation éthylénique, lequel copolymère peut être estérifié ; ou un polymère ou copolymère d'une α-oléfine ; ou un polymère ou copolymère de fumarate ou d'itaconate ;
(ii) un ester de polyoxyalkylène, un ester/éther ou un mélange de ceux-ci ;
(iii) un copolymère éthylène-ester insaturé ;
(iv) un inhibiteur polaire, organique, de croissance de cristaux de cire contenant de l'azote ;
(v) un polymère hydrocarboné ;
(vi) des composés carboxy de soufre ; et
(vii) un agent aromatique hydrocarbylé d'abaissement du point d'écoulement,
pourvu que ledit additif ne comprenne pas de mélanges d'esters polymériques ou de copolymères d'esters d'acide acrylique et/ou méthacrylique dérivés d'alcools possédant 1 à 22 atomes de carbone.