CONTINUOUS PROCESSING EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING FIBERBOARD

Description

[0001] This invention relates to equipment for the continuous processing of gypsum-containing fiberboard, and more particularly, to wet processing equipment for producing fiberboards of high strength at minimum cost.

[0002] Gypsum fiberboard is a construction material made from admixing water, stucco and cellulosic fibers to form a wet mixture, and permitting the stucco, also known as gypsum hemihydrate, to cure to form a set gypsum dihydrate-containing board. Unlike paper-faced wallboard, which is really a laminar construction including a weak gypsum core disposed between two relatively heavy paper sheets, fiberboard is typically unfaced. It is generally known that wallboard relies upon these paper facings to provide as much as 90% of the requisite bending strength, whereas fiberboard relies upon an intimate mixture of gypsum dihydrate crystals and cellulosic fibers which adhere together to distribute applied forces uniformly throughout the composite structure. This unique feature of fiberboard has made it attractive in applications requiring a high degree of mechanical strength, such as in fire door cores and edge banding.

[0003] Early fiberboard manufacturing processes, such as the one disclosed in Porter et al, U.S. Patent No. 2,076,349, taught the mixing of calcined gypsum hemihydrate, paper fibers, and "excess water" (over and above that required to fully hydrate the hemihydrate gypsum) together to form a slurry. The slurry was placed into a mold and then subjected to a pressure of up to about 6.9 MPa (1,000 psi) so that most of the excess water could be squeezed from thq mixture. The resulting "green board", i.e. not fully set, contained about 30-35 wt.% moisture which was later removed by drying in a kiln oven. Fiberboards produced by this process were strong, having modulus of rupture values approaching as high as 12 MPa (1,750 lbs. per square inch), but low efficiency and the costs associated with removing all that water made the boards too expensive. Porter suggested a continuous operation for producing endless webs of fiberboard, which could have helped to alleviate these costs, but his disclosure failed to provide sufficient details for practising such an operation.

[0004] In some of the more modern processes, such as in the method described in Take et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,645,548, sheet making equipment has been employed to promote more continuous manufacturing of fiberboard. Moreover, readily available and inexpensive forms of gypsum dihydrate, such as flue gas desulfurization and phosphoric acid dihydrate industrial by-products have been employed as a filler in these boards to further reduce costs. Take discloses forming a slurry with a mixture of hydraulic gypsum, gypsum dihydrate, organic and inorganic fibers, a setting retarder, and water. The slurry is taken up on a sheet making roll, which is partially immersed in the slurry bath, and which transfers the slurry to a passing belt. The resulting green sheet is then cut to length, laminated to another board and press-molded. Although this reference teaches that as much as 50 wt.% gypsum dihydrate could be added to the fiberboard initial slurry without significantly affecting board strength, Take's method fails to take full advantage of the bonding properties of gypsum, which are largely due to the crystallization of the hemihydrate into the dihydrate form. Thus, the use of dihydrate as a filler has not been particularly popular.

[0005] Recent developments in Germany, such as those disclosed in Kraemer et al, "Gypsum Fibre Boards for the Dry Interior finish Construction", Holz-Zentralblatt, Stuttgart, Vol. 111, No. 11 (January, 1985), suggest that fiberboard can be produced in a continuous "dry process". The dry process, commercialized by G. Siempelkamp GmbH & Co., Krefeld, Germany, begins with a dry mixture of plaster, gypsum, and paper fibers which is thoroughly blended in a high-speed continuous flow-mixer. The mixture is conveyed to a bunker of a matformer, where it is then formed into an endless mat of a dry plaster-gypsum-fiber mix on a spreading belt. The endlessly formed mat is then transferred onto a screen belt and wetted with a minimum amount of water. Vacuum boxes located beneath the wetting unit facilitate the penetration of water through the cross section of the mat. The wetted mat then enters a movable, open cycle press, where it is pressed between a plastic coated texture belt running synchronously on top of the mat. The water squeezed out from the mat is drained into a press pit. After the expiration of the pressing time, the press opens and returns into its initial starting position. The pressed mat is then ready for cutting and subsequent setting and curing operations.

[0006] Although the dry process is now used extensively in Europe, comparative testing of gypsum fiberboards produced with the dry and wet processes has demonstrated that boards produced from a slurry containing water over and above that required to hydrate the hemihydrate are more homogeneous in appearance and are about 70% stronger in flexural strength tests than comparable thickness, dry process boards.

[0007] Other manufacturers, such as Vogt, U.S. Patent No. 4,840,688, have sought to combine the benefits of using cheap industrial dihydrate waste as a starting material and the uniformity and strength provided by a wet process in a single manufacturing line. Vogt teaches the wet shaping of gypsum dihydrate and wet-digested fibers, followed by the removal of water, the dry recrystallization of the dihydrate to hemihydrate by heating at atmospheric pressure, and then the subsequent conversion back to the dihydrate by the addition of water. Despite his aggressive attempt at using multiple recrystallizations of gypsum to maximize strength, the complexity and costs associated with Vogt's process detracts from its commercial value.

[0008] Another process, disclosed in the European Patent Application EP 0 347 809 (The Celotex Corporation, applicant) uses nodulated mineral fibers to produce an acoustical mineral fiberboard. The process begins with an aqueous slurry having 40-80% by weight of mineral fiber, 2-20% by weight of cellulosic fiber, 0-40% by weight of perlite, 0-30% by weight clay, and 1.20% by weight of binder.

[0009] The ingredients are mixed together with water to form a slurry, are added to conventional mixing and holding equipment from which they are flowed onto the board forming wire of a Fourdriner machine through a conventional head box. The water-laid mat which is thus formed is compressed and dried, the dried board being modified to achieve the desired acoustical qualities.

[0010] Accordingly, there is a need for continuous processing equipment for manufacturing gypsum fiberboards having a high degree of uniformity and great strength. This equipment should also be easy to implement and not require complicated elements which would be difficult to maintain and run.

[0011] According to one aspect of this invention there is provided a gypsum board manufacturing plant, capable of alternatively producing wallboards or fiberboards, which comprises:

(a) a wallboard manufacturing apparatus itself comprising substrate introduction equipment (49) for providing a continuously moving substrate (57), pin mixing means (51) for distributing a gypsum slurry onto the substrate, and a moving carrier means (48) for permitting said gypsum slurry to set, and

(b) a fiberboard manufacturing apparatus itself comprising: admixing means (26) for mixing a hydratable gypsum, paper fiber, and water to form a substantially homogeneous slurry (17);

dewatering means (28,29) for removing a portion of said water from said slurry to produce a substantially continuous web (37);

pressing means (30,32,36,40,44) for configuring said wet web with a compressive force to form a substantially continuous green board (47); and

cutting means (39,41) for cutting said substantially continuous green board into individual uncured lengths of fiberboard (57); whereby said individual uncured lengths of fiberboard are permitted to at least partially set on said moving carrier means; as well as

(c) an adjustment table (49) for displacing a portion of said substrate introduction equipment so that, when in use for fiberboard manufacture, there is uninterrupted passage of the setting, uncured, fiberboards from said cutting means to the apparatus for drying said fiberboards.

[0012] In a preferred manufacturing line containing this equipment, admixing means are provided for mixing a hydratable gypsum, paper, and a quantity of water in excess of that necessary to completely hydrate the gypsum to form a substantially homogeneous slurry. The line also includes dewatering means for removing a portion of the excess water from the slurry to produce a substantially continuous wet web, pressing means for configuring the wet web to form a substantially continuous green board, cutting means for cutting said substantially continuous green board into individual uncured lengths, and heating means for curing the individual uncured lengths to from gypsum-dihydrate-containing fiberboards.

[0013] Accordingly, a cost efficient manufacturing line for making unfaced fiberboard is provided by this invention. This equipment can be adapted for retrofitting to existing wallboard machinery to permit multiple products, such as glass-faced and paper-faced wallboard and fiberboard, to be produced on the same manufacturing line. This apparatus permits in-line dewatering and is capable of manufacturing fiberboards from about 0.32 to about 3.81 cm (1/8 to about 1.5 inches) in thickness by varying the number and size of wedge presses and press rolls, and varying the belt speed.

[0014] The process equipment of this invention can include textured rolls for creating light or heavy patterns, such as wood grains, into gypsum and cement fiberboards. Contoured press rolls can be incorporated during pressing for making stepped sheets suitable for siding or roofing applications. Boards having densities of about 482 kg/m³ - 1364 kg/m³ (30 lbs./ft.³-85 lbs./ft.³) and varying in width from about 15.24 cm (6 inches) to in excess of about 3.66 m (12 feet) are possible. Full wall sections of about 2.44 m by 18.29 m (8 feet by 60 feet) long can also be fabricated for interior and exterior surface sheathing applications.

[0015] Property-improving additives can also be incorporated into the fiberboards in wet or dry from either through stucco metering or through pulping systems. The pulping system of this manufacturing line can also be used to include water-resistant additives, such as polyhydrogensiloxane, asphaltic wax emulsions, and siliconates, or water-soluble polymers which can be added to increase product strength. Additionally, flue gas desulfurization gypsum, recycled paper, and waste gypsum wallboard can be employed to further reduce the cost of the finished board.

[0016] In a more detailed manufacturing line of this invention, a continuous manufacturing line is provided which includes pulping means for mixing paper, water, and hydratable gypsum to form a homogenous suspension, dewatering means including a continuous travelling mesh belt for removing a portion of the water from the homogenous suspension to produce a substantially continuous wet web, pressing means including a wedge press and/or a plurality of press rolls having an increased diameter for forming a substantially continuous green board, cutting means including hydraulic cutters for cutting said substantially green board in at least two directions, and heating means including a multi-layered kiln for curing said individual uncured lengths to form gypsum-dihydrate-containing fiberboards.

[0017] In summary, this invention provides continuous processing equipment for manufacturing gypsum fiberboard from hydratable gypsum and paper fiber, including apparatus for removing large amounts of water efficiently and continuously from a wet gypsum-containing web. It is moreover able to provide a retrofitted or original equipment manufacturing line which is capable of producing gypsum-containing unfaced fiberboard as well as paper-faced versions of board products.

[0018] The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention as well as other information pertinent to the disclosure, and in which:

FIG. 1A: is a diagrammatic view of the raw material feeding and dewatering sections of the preferred continuous processing manufacturing line of this invention; and

FIG. 1B: is a diagrammatic view of the press section, cutting station and setting belt portion of the manufacturing line of this invention.

[0019] This invention is directed to a continuous wet processing equipment for the manufacture of fiberboard. This equipment can be operated in unison with a conventional wallboard machine so as to permit the manufacture of multiple products from the same production line. As used herein, the term "hydratable gypsum" refers to both the hemihydrate and the anhydrous forms of calcium sulfate.

[0020] The preferred ingredients and properties for the fiberboards will now be described. The preferred fiberboard has a density of about 482-1364 kg/m³ (50 lbs./ft,³), flexural strength of at least 134 N (30 lbs.) (1.27 cm (1/2 inch) thick material), and screw-holding capacity, measured as defined hereinafter, of at least about 1779 N (400 lbs.). These fiberboards preferably do not include a paper facing, which is desirably absent to promote fire and water resistance properties. The composition of the preferred fiberboards is a uniform distribution of solids, which includes by weight, about 65% to about 90% set gypsum dihydrate, about 7% to about 30% cellulosic fiber, and preferably about 1.5% to about 35% of a performance booster selected from inorganic fiber, clay, starch, vermiculite, and binder polymer.

[0021] One of the essential constituents of the gypsum-containing fiberboards is hydratable gypsum. This constituent is derived from the hydration of any form of calcium sulfate which is capable of reacting with water to form set gypsum, such as, anhydrous calcium sulfate or calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is believed that the hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate will be used most widely. Of the "alpha" and "beta" forms of the hemihydrate, use of the latter is preferred. The hemihydrate can be produced from the naturally-occurring gypsum mineral by heating, or calcining, the dihydrate.

[0022] For many applications, it is not important to inquire into the crystalline form of the hemihydrate; however, with respect to fiberboards of this invention, a preference is made. It is known that calcium sulfate hemihydrate can exist in two different crystalline forms, namely a non-fibrous form and a fibrous form, for example, elongated needles, such as the fibrous alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,239,716, which is incorporated by reference. In the practice of this invention, the non-fibrous form of calcium sulfate capable of reacting with water to form set gypsum is preferred. It should be understood, however, that a minor amount of a fibrous form of gypsum can be used as an optional constituent.

[0023] As mentioned above, one of the advantages is that waste-type materials can be used in fabricating the fiberboards. For example, there can be used as the source of the calcium sulfate the material known as "desulfurized by-product gypsum" which is produced by the desulfurization of flue gas. Another example of a waste- or scrap-type material that can be used in the practice of the present invention is scrap gypsum wallboard, which can be used as a source of both calcium sulfate and the paper constituent of the building product. For this purpose, scrap paper-faced gypsum wallboard can be ground into suitably small particles which are calcined in water under pressure and in the presence of a crystal modifier to form calcium sulfate hemihydrate. Scrap gypsum wallboard can also be transformed into a suitable material for use in the practice of the present invention by grinding and calcining it at atmospheric pressure. Sufficient water can be used to form the desired pulp-type material from which the product is conveniently made. One can employ any of the above-disclosed individual sources of calcium sulfate, but a mixture of the different sources of calcium sulfate can also be used.

[0024] In the use of an aqueous dispersion to make the gypsum-containing fiberboards, the non-fibrous calcium sulfate generally will comprise between about 53% and about 78% by weight of the total solids, preferably between about 55% and about 70% by weight, depending upon the specific application.

[0025] The gypsum dihydrate content of the preferred fiberboards of this invention will be approximately 17-18.5 wt.% greater than the non-fibrous calcium sulfate content of the compositions from which they are made, the difference representing the added water of hydration in the set gypsum dihydrate. That is, by weight, the set gypsum will broadly be within the range of about 65% to. about 90%, and preferably between about 70% and about 85% of the overall set composition.

[0026] The composition of the preferred fiberboards also employs a substantial amount of cellulosic fiber. Cellulosic fiber includes the fibrous component of plants, such as cotton, linen, and flax, for example. Among the various sources of cellulosic fiber, paper stock is conveniently employed. That is, the solid component involved in each of the aforesaid aspects of the invention preferably includes by weight about 7% to about 30% paper fiber, more preferably between about 10% and about 17%. Building materials intended for use in various specific products may contain somewhat different amounts of paper fiber. The presence of the paper fiber makes it possible to produce building materials having good physical characteristics such as flexural strength, screw and nail holding ability, and surface hardness without having any separate surfacing membrane such as the paper facing used on conventional gypsum wallboard.

[0027] The paper fiber can be derived from either virgin paper stock, or previously used, waste paper stock. The source of the paper can be wood, cotton or linen rags, straw, etc., the origin or history of the paper not being important factors. The paper may be a product of the sulfite process, the sulfate (Kraft paper) process, or other processes. Among the types of paper stock that have been successfully employed are virgin and brown Kraft papers, and especially, newsprint. Waste newspaper provides very satisfactory results, is inexpensive, and its use helps to overcome an environmental pollution problem. And, as mentioned above, the source of the paper stock can include the paper of ground paper-faced gypsum wallboard.

[0028] Fiberboards desirably and preferably include one or more performance boosting additives, their specific nature depending to some extent on the intended utility of the final product. In almost every case, there will be desirably used one or more defoaming agents, dispersants, and accelerators, ingredients which are well-known in the art and are employed at low concentration levels, generally each at less than about 1% by weight of the solids. In the aggregate, the performance booster generally will comprise about 1.5% to about 35% by weight of the solids and will preferably be selected from starch, inorganic fiber, clay, vermiculite, and binder polymer.

[0029] Inorganic fiber, as that term is employed herein, includes glass textile fiber and mineral wool. These latter terms are defined in U.S. Patent No. 4,557,973, and those definitions are incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the term "mineral wool" means glass or other mineral fibers prepared by attenuating a melt of glass, basalt, blast furnace slag or other vitreous mineral composition from the face of a heated centrifugal rotor or the like. This process is in contrast to that used to produce textile fibers, where the melt is drawn through an orifice. An especially useful and readily available type of mineral wool is glass wool as found in glass wool insulation material. Glass textile fiber and glass wool, jointly or severally, are referred to herein as "siliceous fiber." The glass textile fiber, also referred to herein as "fiberglass", generally will be chopped, e.g., the fibers may be about 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) long.

[0030] The fiberboards also preferably include siliceous fiber. Siliceous fiber improves the fire resistance of the building materials and other products of this invention, apparently by decreasing the tendency of the gypsum construction to crack under thermal stress. The siliceous fiber preferably comprises up to about 7% by weight and may include glass textile fiber and, in addition, glass wool, depending upon the specific product.

[0031] The performance booster may also include either clay or vermiculite, or both, especially if the intended board or panel requires excellent fire resistance. Both of these materials may be present in amounts up to about 6%, preferably about 3% to about 4% by weight of the solids. The clay to be employed will generally be kaolin clay, which is effective to control the shrinkage of fiberboards under extreme heat. The vermiculite is preferably raw, or unexpanded vermiculite, which swells when heated, helping to control shrinkage of the construction and possible cracking. The requirement for the presence of these materials depends somewhat on the intended use for the final product.

[0032] The composition of the preferred fiberboards may also include a binder. The binder affects the physical properties of the fiberboards, especially their flexural strength, and also permits good fastener retention at lower density. Furthermore, the binder improves the surface characteristics of the board such as smoothing the surface and making it easier to finish. Both natural binders, such as raw, uncooked starch, and binder polymers, further described below, are available for providing these characteristics.

[0033] The binder polymer, when present, may comprise up to about 15% by weight of the solids, but preferably about 1% to about 3% by weight. A number of different polymeric materials may be employed as the binder polymer, including homopolymers, such as poly(vinyl acetate) and polyacrylate, as well as copolymers, such as poly(ethylene)-co-(vinyl chloride), poly(styrene)-co-(butadiene), and poly(vinyl acetate)-co-(methyl acrylate). Among the various binder polymer possibilities, esters of poly(vinyl alcohol) are especially effective, and poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymer is preferred. It is also convenient in most cases to introduce the binder polymer as an aqueous emulsion, many of which are commercially available. In selecting the binder polymer it is preferred to employ thermoplastic resins, which when applied to the surface of the fiberboards tend to form a tough, forgiving film, rather than a brittle film or one which is soft and has a very low tensile strength. Thermoplastic resins are also preferred since the heat required to set a thermosetting resin tends to calcine the gypsum in the preferred fiberboard compositions of this invention. One particularly useful resin emulsion, which is suitable for use as the resin polymer of the preferred fiberboard composition is UCAR-130 poly-(vinyl acetate) polymer by Union Carbide.

[0034] The composition for preparing the fiberboards can also include water in an amount in excess of that required to react with and hydrate the calcined non-fibrous gypsum. That is, preferably at least about 15-fold, and more preferably, about 20- to 25-fold excess water can be present in wet processes.

Fiberboard Continuous Process and Equipment

[0035] Although the fiberboard compositions may be formulated in many different ways, and any number of different techniques may be employed, including both "dry" and "wet" processes, to produce the panels and boards, a manufacturing line according to the invention is illustrated diagrammatically in FIGS. 1A and 1B. As used herein, "dry" processes employ a minimum amount of water necessary for hydration of the gypsum dihydrate, or only a minor amount of excess water, for example, from about 17-100% water (based upon the weight of the gypsum dihydrate), where as "wet" process employ over about 150% water, and preferably in excess of about 250% (about 15-fold the amount necessary for complete hydration).

[0036] Hydratable gypsum, or in certain instances, cement, is delivered from gypsum bin 22 to a metering system, such as a feeder screw 25. If gypsum is used, it preferably comprises stucco, i.e., gypsum hemihydrate. The stucco may be mixed with cut glass fibers from bin 23 and other ingredients from bin 24, such as clay, vermiculite, and starch. Waterproofing agents, such as silicones (e.g. polyhydrogensiloxane), siliconates, such as potassium of sodium siliconate, asphalt wax emulsions, and combinations thereof, can be added directly to the slurry in the mixer 26, the pulper, or into the gauging water.

[0037] Preferred starting compositional ranges and starting weights for the primary ingredients are as follows:

TABLE I:

Initial Fiberboard Slurry Composition
Weight/Ingredient	Broad Range	Narrow Range	Target
3463 kg water (7,619 lbs.)	65-85 wt.%	70-80 wt.%	78.2 wt.%
125 kg paper (275 lbs.)	.5- 6 wt.%	1- 4 wt.%	2.8 wt.%
841 kg stucco (1,850 lbs.)	10-30 wt.%	15-25 wt.%	19.0 wt.%
4429 kg (9.744 lbc.)		TOTAL

[0038] The preferred wet composition contains about 412 wt.% water (based upon the dry weight of stucco; or about 24.6-fold in excess of that required to completely hydrate the gypsum) and about 13 wt.% paper (from a 3.6% pulp solution) based on the dry weight of paper and stucco. Of the 3463 kg (7,619 lbs.) of water added to the initial composition, it is expected that 2777 kg (6,109 lbs.) will be drained during dewatering, 141 kg (310 lbs.) will be incorporated in the fiberboards to hydrate the stucco to form gypsum dihydrate, and 590 kg (1,299 lbs.) will be lost to evaporation in the dryer.

[0039] The paper fiber, which composes a major ingredient in the fiberboard, is preferably recycled newspaper which is pulped, in at least about 20 times its weight in water into individual fibers in a pulper 20, preferably to about a 3-5 wt.% pulp-in-water solution; although some modern pulpers are known to accommodate about a 6-9 wt.% pulp-in-water solution. In order to reduce the length of the dewatering operation, a vacuum filter may be employed to reduce the water content of the pulp, following wet fiberization, to about a 20-25 wt.% pulp-in-water solution.

[0040] Additionally, siliceous fiber, such as glass wool, may be pulped separately or with the paper in at least about 20-25 times its weight in water, and added to the pulp feeder 21 with the paper fiber. In contrast to that which has been taught previously in the gypsum arts, such as in U.S. Patent No. 4,557,973, it is not necessary in the process described above to pretreat the glass wool with powdered gypsum prior to its use.

[0041] The pulped ingredients are then pumped to a slurry mixer 26 where the paper pulp, and other pulped ingredients if desirable, are intimately mixed with the gypsum and other dry additives. The slurry mixer 26 can be a conventional wallboard gypsum mixer, a high-torque centrifugal pump, or the like. The slurry mixer 26 preferably receives the dry gypsum and other ingredients, thoroughly mixes the ingredients, and pumps them through to a slurry roll or head box 27.

[0042] The head box 27 holds the mixture of gypsum, pulp, and other ingredients in suspension and spreads them evenly as a slurry 17 onto a travelling mesh belt 28. The thickness of the slurry 17 which is deposited onto the belt 28 is determined by the consistency of the inlet material and the speed of the belt 28. The starting slurry thickness for producing a 1.27 cm (.5 inch) board is preferably about 4-5 cm (1.6-2.0 inches), more preferably about 4.32 cm (1.7 inches).

[0043] The travelling mesh belt 28, as with all the belts in this process, moves approximately 0.127-0.508 m/s (25-100 ft./min), preferably about 0.254 m/s (50 ft./min). The dewatering of the slurry 17 through the mesh is assisted by a series of drain pipes 29 which can be vacuum-assisted for facilitating the removal of water.

[0044] Following the initial dewatering step, the slurry 17 is reduced to a soft web 37 which is introduced to an adjustable prepress roll 30. The soft web 37 at this point in the process has a thickness of preferably about 2.8-3.3 cm (1.1-1.3 inches), more preferably about 3.0 cm (1.2 inches), and a water content of about 70.2 wt.%. The prepress roll 30 can be set for various nip thicknesses and can be equipped to introduce porous top and bottom belts 33 and 31.

[0045] The web 37 is then delivered by the porous belts 31 and 33 to wedge press 32, which may contain vacuum boxes, suction slices, and/or perforated metal plates for helping to remove water which enters through the belts. The thickness of the web 37 at this point in the process is approximately 2.16-2.35 cm (.85-.925 inches), preferably about 2.26 cm (.89 inches), and the water content is about 62.2 wt.%.

[0046] The wet web 37 then enters a first press roll section shown in FIG. 1B, which includes three 18 inch press rolls 36 and suction slices 38. The porous belts continue through this first press section. The thickness of the web at this point in the processing is approximately 1.63-1.75 cm (.640-.690 inches), preferably about 1.70 cm (.67 inches), and the water content is about 52.8 wt.%.

[0047] The web 37 then enters a second press roll section which includes three 60.96 cm (24 inch) press rolls 40 and the same top and bottom belts 33 and 31 with vacuum-assisted suction slices 42. The thickness of the web 37 at this stage is approximately 1.35-1.4 cm (.53-.550 inches), preferably about 1.37 cm (.54 inches), and the water content is about 44.6 wt.%.

[0048] Finally the web 37 is introduced into the last press roll section which includes three 91.44 cm (36 inch) press rolls 44 and vacuum-assisted suction slices 46. At this point in the pressing, a new bottom belt 53 is preferably introduced, although the board now has sufficient green strength to be processed on rolls 50, without belts. The thickness of the web is now about 1.27 cm (.5 inches) and the water content is about 41.5 wt.%, which represents the 141 kg (310 lbs.) of water needed for hydration and the 545 kg (1,200 lbs.) of water to be evaporated in the dryer. The above-described dewatering and pressing operations can be summarized as follows:

TABLE II:

Thickness of Web or Board vs. Wt.% H2O
		Wt.% of H2O Based on Total Wt.% of Ingredients
Line Location	Web or Board Thickness cm (inches)	Broad Range	Target
Head Box	4.32 (1.70)	60-100	78.2
Pre-Press Roll	3.05 (1.20)	60-80	70.2
Baby Rolls	2.26 ( .89)	50-70	62.2
1st Press Section	1.70 ( .67)	40-60	52.8
2nd Press Section	1.37 ( .54)	40-50	44.6
3rd Press Section	1.27 ( .50)	35-45	41.5

[0049] Although specific press sections have been described, the pressing operation of this invention may consist of anywhere from about 4 to about 28 press rolls, and may contain contouring, profiling, or embossing rolls for individual product needs. Additionally, the rolls in each press section may contain ridges or drilled holes for carrying away water from the wet web. The main purpose of the press section of FIG. 1B is to define caliper and density while simultaneously removing water.

[0050] As the web leaves the press section, it is in a form of a "green" board 47, i.e., is not past its initial stiffening point. See U.S. Patent No. 4,643,771 for an explanation of the various curing stages of gypsum boards, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The green board is preferably cut to length and trimmed with water jets, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. The water jets preferably use about 12-18 MPa (1,800-2,600 psi), more preferably about 15 MPa (2,200 psi) water pressure and include side trimmers 39 and a chain driven length cutter 41 angled at about 45° to the processing line for cutting the running board square. Because the green board 47 is very soft, the water jets cut effortlessly through the thickness to trim the boards to about their final length and width dimensions.

[0051] The process also includes repulpers 43 following the trimmers 39 for receiving the edge trim refuse, as well as entire scrap boards, which can be reground, mixed with water from nozzle 45 to form a slurry, and transferred back to the starting tanks or slurry mixer for recycling.

[0052] The cut-to-size, green boards 57 are then transferred to a setting belt 48 which permits the gypsum to slowly set as it is conveyed. The setting belts of a conventional wallboard line is used as a setting belt, which would carry the fiberboards past the conventional pin mixer 51 and shaping roll 52. The substantially set boards are then oven dried prior to conventional trimming of the water-cut ends and edges, sanding, and silicone sealing operations.

[0053] In an important aspect of the conveyance of the pre-cut green fiberboards, as a conventional wallboard line is used, an adjustment table 49 is provided which preferably adds a setting belt 48 to the conventional wallboard machine prior to the first board line carrier belt. This separate bottom belt is of sufficient length to carry the cut fiberboards through to the start of the first conventional wallboard carrier belt. The adjustment table 49 further preferably includes a lift mechanism for (1) selectively introducing the belt when fiberboard is running, (2) lifting the wallboard paper handling equipment out of the way while replacing it with carrier rolls for the bottom belt, and (3) withdrawing the belt when wallboard is being manufactured downline.

[0054] The continuous wet fiberboard process described above permits on-line dewatering and facilitates the manufacture of nominal 0.32 cm (.125 inch) to about 3.81 cm (1.5 inch) thick fiberboard products. This equipment can be adapted for different types of boards by alternating the number of press rolls as well as the speed of the belt. Cement and/or gypsum can be used in the starting materials and the final boards can be embossed with light or heavy patterns, such as wood grains. The process of this invention can permit the manufacture of fiberboards having a density of about 482-1364 kg/m³ (30-85 lbs./ft.³) and widths from about 15.24 cm (6 inches) to about 3.66 m (12 feet). Additives can be introduced in both the wet or dry state either through the stucco metering or the pulping systems, such as the gauge water. This novel process can also produce different formulations of layers deposited through separate head boxes onto the moving belt for achieving different densities and finishes on the face and back of selected boards.

Fiberboard Properties

[0055] The processes of the present invention can be used to make unfaced fiberboard which has a substantially uniform and homogeneous composition throughout its thickness. The term "unfaced" is used herein to mean that the fiberboard layer is preferably not faced with a sheet material, for example, the paper or glass fiber mat that is often used as a facing material for gypsum wallboard, although structrually improved faced-products can be readily produced by employing the fiberboard compositions mentioned in the cores of such boards.

[0056] As mentioned above, it is desirable that the fiberboard layer have a density within the broad range of about 482-1364 kg\m³ (30-85 lbs./ft.³), and preferably about 803-1043 kg/m³ (50-65 lbs./ft.³). In order to achieve the flexural strength and screw-holding capacity values referred to above 133 N and 1779 N (30 lbs. and 400 lbs. respectively) in fiberboards having densities much below 963 kg/m³ (60 lbs./ft.³), there should be included in the composition from which the building material is made relatively high amounts of binder polymer, for example, about 15 wt.% to about 35 wt.% based upon the solids content. For applications in which such flexural strength characteristics and screw-holding capacity are not considered important, the use of a binder polymer can be absent or provided in smaller amounts. The density of the fiberboard can be controlled by the use of pressure in forming the product and/or by the use of a low-density material, for example, expanded perlite.

[0057] The flexural strength of fiberboards generally should be at least about 133 N (30 lbs.), preferably at least about 178 N (40 lbs.) (1.27 cm (1/2 inch) thick sample tested in accordance with a modified ASTM C 473-86a procedure, as described in U.S. Serial No. 420,362). In general, the screw-holding capacity of fiberboards is preferably at least about 1779 N (400 lbs.), and in a building board to be used as fire door edge banding, preferably at least about 2669 N (600 lbs.), and most preferably in excess of about 3114 N (700 lbs.), when tested in accordance with the procedures otherwise described in U.S. Serial No. 420,362 for one inch samples.

[0058] Various modifications, which will become apparent to one skilled in the art, are within the scope of this invention as set forth in the attached claims.

Claims

1. A gypsum board manufacturing plant, capable of alternatively producing wallboards or fibreboards, which comprises:

(a) a wallboard manufacturing apparatus itself comprising substrate introduction equipment (49) for providing a continuously moving substrate (57), pin mixing means (51) for distributing a gypsum slurry onto the substrate, and a moving carrier means (48) for permitting said gypsum slurry to set, and

(b) a fibreboard manufacturing apparatus itself comprising: admixing means (26) for mixing a hydratable gypsum, paper fibre, and water to form a substantially homogeneous slurry (17);

dewatering means (28,29) for removing a portion of said water from said slurry to produce a substantially continuous web (37);

pressing means (30,32,36,40,44) for configuring said wet web with a compressive force to form a substantially continuous green board (47); and

cutting means (39,41) for cutting said substantially continuous green board into individual uncured lengths of fibreboard (57); whereby said individual uncured lengths of fibreboard are permitted to at least partially set on said moving carrier means; as well as

(c) an adjustment table (49) for displacing a portion of said substrate introduction equipment so that, when in use for fibreboard manufacture, there is uninterrupted passage of the setting, uncured, fibreboards from said cutting means to the apparatus for drying said fibreboards.

2. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in claim 1, in which said cutting means (39,41) includes a hydraulic cutter.

3. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in claim 2, in which said hydraulic cutter is disposed at an oblique angle to a first motion of said substantially green board.

4. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which said pressing means is or includes a plurality of press rolls (32,36,40,44).

5. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which said pressing means is a substantially continuous pressing force for removing said water from said wet web.

6. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, which further comprises heating means for curing said individual uncured lengths of fibreboard to form gypsum dihydrate-containing fibreboards.

7. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which said admixing means (26), dewatering means (28,29), pressing means (30) and cutting means (39,40) are up-line to the wallboard manufacturing apparatus.

8. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which the adjustment table (49) comprises a setting belt whereby, when in use for fibreboard manufacture, cut green fibreboards are carried to said moving carrier means.

9. A gypsum board manufacturing plant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which the adjustment table (49) further comprises a lift mechanism for selectively introducing a setting belt and its carrier rolls, and bringing the wallboard paper handling equipment off-line for fibreboard manufacture; and conversely for wallboard manufacture.

10. A method of manufacturing gypsum fibreboard, characterised in that one employes the gypsum board manufacturing plant claimed in any of the preceding claims.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10, in which the cut green fibreboards are carried to the moving carrier means on a setting belt comprised by an adjustable table (49).

12. A method as claimed in claim 10 or claim 11, in which a lift mechanism selectively introduces the setting belt and its carrier rolls, and lifts the wallboard paper handling equipment off-line.

13. A method of manufacturing wallboard, characterised in that one employs the gypsum board manufacturing plant claimed in any of claims 1 to 9.

14. A method as claimed in claim 13, in which said substrate comprises a paper- or glass-containing mat.

15. A method as claimed in claim 13 or claim 14, in which an adjustment table (49) is operated to bring a portion of the substrate introduction equipment in-line.

16. A method as claimed in claim 15, in which a lift mechanism deselects the setting belt and its carrier rolls, and brings wallboard substrate introduction equipment in-line.

Ansprüche

1. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten, die alternativ Leichtbauplatten oder Faserplatten herstellen kann, die umfasst:

(a) eine Leichtbauplattenherstellungsvorrichtung an sich, umfassend eine Substrateinführungsvorrichtung (49) zur Bereitstellung eines sich kontinuierlich bewegenden Substrats (57), Stiftmischvorrichtung (51) zur Verteilung einer Gipsaufschlämmung auf dem Substrat und ein sich bewegendes Trägermittel (48) damit die Gipsaufschlämmung abbinden kann, und

(b) eine Faserplattenherstellungsvorrichtung an sich, umfassend: eine Anmischungsvorrichtung (26) zum Vermischen von hydratisierbarem Gips, Papierfasern und Wasser zu einer im wesentlichen homogenen Aufschlämmung (17);

eine Entwässerungsvorrichtung (28, 29) zum Entfernen eines Teils des Wassers aus der Aufschlämmung zur Herstellung eines im wesentlichen durchgehenden Flächengebildes (37);

Pressvorrichtungen (30, 32, 36, 40, 44) zum In-Form-Bringen des nassen Flächengebildes mit einer Druckkraft zum Formen einer im wesentlichen durchgehenden grünen Platte (47); und

Schneidvorrichtungen (39, 41) zum Schneiden der im wesentlichen durchgehenden grünen Platte in einzelne, ungehärtete Längen von Faserplatte (57), wobei man die einzelnen ungehärteten Faserplattenlängen auf der sich bewegenden Trägervorrichtung mindestens teilweise abbinden lässt; sowie

(c) einen Einstelltisch (49) zum Verschieben eines Teils der Substrateinführungsvorrichtung derart, dass, wenn in Verwendung für die Faserplattenherstellung, es einen ununterbrochenen Durchgang der abbindenden, ungehärteten Faserplatten von der Schneidvorrichtung zu der Vorrichtung zum Trocknen der Faserplatten gibt.

2. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Schneidvorrichtungen (39, 41) eine hydraulische Schneidvorrichtung einschließen.

3. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach Anspruch 2, wobei die hydraulische Schneidvorrichtung in einem schiefen Winkel zu einer ersten Bewegungsrichtung der im wesentlichen grünen Platte angeordnet ist.

4. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Pressvorrichtung eine Vielzahl von Presswalzen (32, 36, 40, 44) darstellt oder einschließt.

5. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Pressvorrichtung eine im wesentlichen kontinuierliche Druckkraft zum Entfernen des Wassers aus dem feuchten Flächengebilde ausübt.

6. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, die weiterhin eine Heizvorrichtung zum Härten der jeweiligen ungehärteten Faserplattenlängen zur Herstellung von Gipsdihydrat-enthaltenden Faserplatten umfasst.

7. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Anmischungsvorrichtung (26), Entwässerungsvorrichtung (28, 29), Pressvorrichtung (30) und Schneidvorrichtung (39, 40) sich in Arbeitsrichtung aufwärts zur Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Leichtbauplatten befinden.

8. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Einstelltisch (49) ein Setting-Band umfasst, wodurch, wenn in Verwendung für die Faserplattenherstellung, geschnittene grüne Faserplatten zur der sich bewegenden Trägervorrichtung transportiert werden.

9. Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Einstelltisch (49) weiterhin einen Hebemechanismus zum selektiven Einführen eines Setting-Bandes und seiner Trägerwalzen und Abbringen der Leichtbauplatten-Papierhandhabungsvorrichtung von der Arbeitsrichtung für die Faserplattenherstellung und umgekehrt für die Leichtbauplattenherstellung umfasst.

10. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gipsfaserplatten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche anwendet.

11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei die geschnittenen, grünen Faserplatten zu der sich bewegenden Trägervorrichtung auf einem Setting-Band, das von einem einstellbaren Tisch (49) umfasst ist, befördert werden.

12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 oder Anspruch 11, wobei ein Hebemechanismus selektiv das Setting-Band und seine Trägerwalzen einführt und die Leichtbauplatten-Papierhandhabungsvorrichtung aus der Arbeitsrichtung hebt.

13. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Leichtbauplatten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die Herstellungsanlage für Gipskartonplatten nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 anwendet.

14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei das Substrat eine Papier- oder Glas-enthaltende Matte umfasst.

15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13 oder Anspruch 14, wobei der Einstelltisch (49) so betrieben wird, dass ein Teil der Substrateinführungsvorrichtung in die Arbeitsrichtung gebracht wird.

16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, wobei ein Hebemechanismus das Setting-Band und seine Trägerwalzen wieder zurückführt und die Einführungsvorrichtung für das Leichtbauplattensubstrat in die Arbeitsrichtung bringt.

Revendications

1. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre, capable de produire alternativement des panneaux de revêtement ou des panneaux de fibres, qui comporte :

(a) un appareil de fabrication de panneau de revêtement comportant lui-même un équipement d'introduction de substrat (49) destiné à délivrer un substrat se déplaçant en continu (57), des moyens à picots de mélange (51) destinés à répartir une pâte de plâtre sur le substrat, et des moyens de support mobiles (48) destinés à permettre à ladite pâte de plâtre de prendre, et

(b) un appareil de fabrication de panneau de fibres comportant lui-même : des moyens de mélange (26) destinés à mélanger du plâtre, de la fibre de papier et de l'eau de façon à former une pâte sensiblement homogène (17);

des moyens d'égouttage (28, 29) destinés à enlever une partie de ladite eau de ladite pâte afin de produire un réseau sensiblement continu (37);

des moyens de pression (30, 32, 36, 40, 44) destinés à configurer ledit réseau humide avec une force de compression de façon à former un panneau vert sensiblement continu (47); et

des moyens de coupe (39, 41) destinés à couper ledit panneau vert sensiblement continu en longueurs non durcies individuelles de panneau de fibres (57), lesdites longueurs non durcies individuelles de panneau de fibres pouvant au moins partiellement durcir sur lesdits moyens de support mobiles; ainsi que

(c) une table de réglage (49) destinée à déplacer une partie dudit équipement d'introduction de substrat de telle sorte que, lors de l'utilisation pour la fabrication de panneau de fibres, il y a un passage ininterrompu des panneaux de fibres non durcis en cours de prise depuis lesdits moyens de coupe jusqu'à l'appareil pour le séchage desdits panneaux de fibres.

2. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de coupe (39, 41) comprennent un dispositif de coupe hydraulique.

3. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle ledit dispositif de coupe hydraulique est disposé avec un angle oblique par rapport à un premier déplacement dudit panneau sensiblement vert.

4. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de pression sont constitués par ou comprennent plusieurs rouleaux de pression (32, 36, 40, 44).

5. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de pression sont constitués par une force de pression sensiblement continue destinée à enlever ladite eau dudit réseau humide.

6. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui comporte en outre des moyens de chauffage pour le durcissement desdites longueurs non durcies individuelles de panneau de fibres de façon à former des panneaux de fibres contenant du plâtre dihydraté.

7. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de mélange (26), lesdits moyens d'égouttage (28, 29), lesdits moyens de pression (30) et lesdits moyens de coupe (39, 41) sont en ligne jusqu'à l'appareil de fabrication de panneau de revêtement.

8. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle la table de réglage (49) comporte une bande de prise de telle sorte que, lors de l'utilisation pour la fabrication de panneau de fibres, des panneaux de fibres verts coupés sont transportés vers lesdits moyens de support mobiles.

9. Installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle la table de réglage (49) comporte en outre un mécanisme de levage afin d'introduire de manière sélective une bande de prise et ses rouleaux de support, et afin de conduire l'équipement de manipulation de papier de panneau de revêtement hors ligne pour la fabrication de panneau de fibres; et inversement pour la fabrication de panneaux de revêtement.

10. Procédé de fabrication de panneau de fibres en plâtre, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise l'installation de fabrication de panneaux de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.

11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel les panneaux de fibres verts coupés sont transportés par les moyens de support mobiles sur une bande de prise composée par une table réglable (49).

12. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou la revendication 11, dans lequel un mécanisme de levage introduit de manière sélective la bande de prise et ses rouleaux de transport, et soulève l'équipement de manipulation de papier de panneau de revêtement hors ligne.

13. Procédé de fabrication de panneau de revêtement, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise l'installation de fabrication de panneau de plâtre selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9.

14. Procédé selon la revendication 13, dans lequel ledit substrat comporte un matelas contenant du papier ou du verre.

15. Procédé selon la revendication 13 ou la revendication 14, dans lequel une table de réglage (49) est actionnée afin de conduire une partie de l'équipement d'introduction de substrat en ligne.

16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, dans lequel un mécanisme de levage désélectionne la bande de prise et ses rouleaux de support, et conduit l'équipement d'introduction de substrat de panneau de revêtement en ligne.

Drawing