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(11) | EP 1 683 514 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Concentrated suspensions of drugs and their use to produce suspensions for inhalatory administration |
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the span value is less than 2, and such features are retained upon aging the suspension for 90 days; said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of from 5 to 50 times the concentration of a suspension of the same substance for inhalatory administration;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l. present at a concentration of from 0.1 to 2.0 g/l.
[0001] The present invention relates to concentrated suspensions of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, to their preparation process and their use to prepare therapeutically acceptable suspensions ready for inhalatory administration.
[0002] An effective inhalation therapy requires that particles of any drugs are delivered to the lower airways surfaces, particularly in the deep lung region, which is the site of drug action where the main pharmacological effects occur. To achieve delivery in the deep lung region, the size of the drug particles must be such as to avoid early deposition in the upper airways. As it is well known, the respiratory tract acts as a filter of the inhaled particles, which are captured and deposited depending on their size. Drug particles which ensure optimal deposition have a size in the range between 0.1 and 10 µm, preferably between 0.5 and 7 µm.
[0003] Although widely used, suspensions of pharmaceutical substances may be difficult to prepare, particularly with respect to their physical stability. A drawback of such suspensions is the tendency of the particles to agglomerate and form a precipitate that settles at rest over time. Suitable surfactants and salts usually assist in re-dispersing the settled particles by gentle shaking, so that a homogeneous suspension is re-established. When such sediment of settled particles is not easily broken or the particles cannot be easily re-dispersed since have undergone coagulation, a risk exists that a wrong dose of substance is administered to a patient, either in excess or in defect.
[0004] A drug to be administered as an inhalatory suspension must be micronized to cut down the size to less than 10 µm. Such size reduction, typically performed in a dry state, may lead to an initial aggregation of drug particles. Thus, the corresponding suspension for inhalatory administration is prepared by suspending the drug in water by means of a high energy mixer, or often by a turboemulsifier.
[0005] WO 00/25746 discloses a process for the preparation of inhalatory suspensions by dispersing micronized drug particles in water in a turboemulsifier provided with magnetic stirring, optionally followed by treatment in a high-pressure homogenizer. The operating conditions adopted require the turboemulsifier to be operated at a speed comprised between 2500 and 2600 rpm, for a time of 15-20 minutes. The size of the particles of a suspension produced by this method, however, does not appear to be improved over the conventional inhalatory suspensions, the size distribution being as follows: d(0.1) = 0.76 µm; d(0.5) = 3.01 µm; d(0.9) = 9.42 µm, with a calculated span value of [d(0.9) - d(0.1)]/d(0.5) = 2.88. Implementation of a subsequent dispersion step in a high-pressure homogenizer at a pressure as high as 1000 bar generated an inhalatory suspension with the following size distribution: d(0.1) = 0.82 µm; d(0.5) = 2.43 µm; d(0.9) = 5.07 µm, with a calculated span value of [d(0.9) - d(0.1)]/d(0.5) = 1.75.
[0006] These results show that the process described in WO 00/25746 brings about a slight reduction of about 0.6 µm in d(0.5), a more meaningful reduction of about 4 µm in d(0.9) and an improvement of the span only when a dispersion step in a high pressure homogenizer is implemented after a dispersion step in a turboemulsifier. It appears that such a high pressure treatment is required to achieve a size reduction of the coarser fraction as indicated by the d(0.9) values, thereby making the process burdensome and economically less attractive.
[0007] With respect to sterilization of aqueous suspensions of pharmaceutical substances, particularly of glucocorticosteroids, it is reported in WO 99/25359 that attempts at terminal sterilization of such suspensions have all proved unsatisfactory.
[0008] It would therefore be desirable to provide a process to prepare suspensions of pharmaceutical substances for inhalatory administration which is efficient, economically attractive and capable of producing stable suspensions over the time, so that a desired drug dose can be administered to a patient.
[0009] It would also be desirable to provide a process to effectively sterilize drug particles in suspension with satisfactory results.
[0010] Further, it would be desirable to provide inhalatory suspensions of drug particles that can be prepared extemporaneously, namely just before administration.
[0011] According to a first aspect of the invention, it is provided a concentrated suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, characterized by comprising:
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the span value is less than 2, and such features are retained upon aging the suspension for 90 days; said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration between 5 to 50 times the concentration of a suspension for inhalatory administration;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance ; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l.
[0012] According to a second aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare a concentrated suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, characterized by comprising the following steps:
a) dissolving at least one pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant in water to form an aqueous solution of said surfactant;
b) suspending in said aqueous solution micronized particles of said water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm and the span value is less than 2, at a concentration between 5 and 50 times the concentration of said pharmaceutical substance in a therapeutically acceptable suspension for inhalatory administration;
c) dissolving a salt in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l,
said steps being carried out under stirring and at a pressure not higher than 2 bar.[0013] According to a third aspect, the invention provides a sterilization process of a concentrated suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, characterized by subjecting said concentrated suspension to β or γ irradiation.
[0014] A fourth aspect of the invention provides a β or γ irradiated concentrated suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, characterized by comprising:
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance having:
i) a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 4 µm, the
d(0.9) fraction is less than 9 µm, the span value is less than 2.5 upon aging the
suspension for 90 days;
ii) a reduction in total purity of the active material of less than 0.5% from the
initial purity of the untreated material;
said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of between 0.5 and
100 g/l;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l.
[0015] A fifth aspect of the invention provides an irradiation treated inhalatory suspension of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substances, characterized by comprising:
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the d(0.9) fraction is less than 7 µm, the span value is less than 2, said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration between 0.1 and 2.0 g/l;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance and of a salt in which the concentration of said salt is not higher than 10 g/l.
[0016] A sixth aspect of the invention provides a kit for the extemporaneous preparation of a suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances intended for inhalatory administration, characterized by comprising a concentrated suspension of said water insoluble pharmaceutical substances and a separate diluent in proportions such that upon mixing said diluent with said concentrated suspension, a suspension ready for inhalatory administration is obtained.
[0017] With the expression "pharmaceutical substance" it is a meant a substance exerting a biological activity, typically for therapy, prophylaxis or diagnosis purposes.
[0018] With the expression "substance insoluble in water" it is meant a substance having a solubility in water of less than 10 g/l, usually of less than 5 g/l, and even of less than 1 g/l.
[0019] Pharmaceutical substances suitable to be administered as inhalatory suspensions are β2-receptors active substances, glucocorticoids, other antiallergic or anti-inflammatory substances or derivatives thereof, although the invention is not limited to them.
[0020] Suitable β2-receptors active substances are terbutaline, salbutamol, mabuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, orciprenaline, isoprenaline, isoetharine, clenbuterol, hexoprenaline, procaterol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[1,1-dimethyl-3-(2― methoxyphenyl) propylamino]-ethanol, 1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[1, 1-dimethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl) propylamino] -ethanol, 1-3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl )-2-[1, 1-dimethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl) propylamino] -ethanol, (4-hydroxy-α'-[[[6-(4-phenylbutoxy) -hexyl] -amino] -methyl]-1,3 benzyldimetha-nol, pharmacologically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof and compounds of similar pharmacological properties.
[0021] Suitable glucocorticoids are compounds like budesonide, beclomethasone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, triamcinolone acetonide, 17- and/or 21-esters of these steroids, pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof and compounds of similar pharmacological properties.
[0022] Preferred pharmaceutical substances according to the invention are budesonide, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), mometasone furoate, fluticasone propionate their derivatives and similar glucocorticoids with anti-inflammatory activity.
[0023] A suspension ready for inhalatory administration, or inhalatory suspension, as intended in the present application, is a suspension of one or more pharmaceutical substance insoluble in water at a concentration not higher than 2 g/l. Preferably, the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in an inhalatory suspension is between 0.1 and 1.5 g/l.
[0024] Typical inhalatory suspensions of BDP have a concentration of 0.4 g/l; typical inhalatory suspensions of budesonide have a concentration of 0.25 or 0.5 g/l; typical inhalatory suspensions of fluticasone have a concentration of 0.25 or 1.00 g/l.
[0025] As mentioned above, physical stability over the time is a critical aspect of suspensions pharmaceutical substances. Burdensome production process is another critical aspect.
[0026] In a first aspect, the invention provides a concentrated non-inhalatory suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances that is relatively simple to produce, is stable over the time, allows easy storage, transportation and handling, in particular effective sterilization, and can be used to prepare inhalatory suspensions with the required particle size distribution by simple dilution, either at a production site or directly before administration (extemporaneous preparation).
[0027] By "micronization" in the present context is meant a process involving mechanical means, for instance milling or grinding, to reduce the particle size to the micrometer range. Information about micronization can be found e.g. in "The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy", Lachman, Liebermann and Klang, 2nd Ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
[0028] Upon aging of 90 days, the micronized particles of the water insoluble pharmaceutical substance in the concentrated non inhalatory suspension of the invention are characterized by a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3, the d(0.9) fraction is less than 9 µm and the span value is less than 2. Preferably, the d(0.9) fraction is less than 7 µm. Such distribution ensures good stability during storage and is designed to generate by simple dilution an inhalatory suspension with optimal drug delivery in the lower airways surfaces.
[0029] Furthermore, the concentration of water insoluble pharmaceutical substance in the concentrated non inhalatory suspension varies from 5 to 50 times the concentration of such substance in a suspension for inhalatory administration. Since this latter concentration is not higher than 2 g/l, the maximum concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in the concentrated non inhalatory suspension is 100 times this value, namely 200 g/l. Preferably, the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in the concentrated non inhalatory suspension is comprised between 0.2 : 150 g/l, the preferred concentration range of the same substance in the inhalatory suspension being 0.1:1.5 g/l. More preferably the concentration of the pharmaceutical substance in the concentrated non inhalatory suspension is comprised between 0.5 : 10 g/l, even more preferably between 1 and 8 g/l.
[0030] The surfactant dissolved in the aqueous phase of the suspension of the invention can be any pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. Suitable surfactants are nonionic or cationic surfactants. Preferred are nonionic surfactants like polysorbates and block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, known as "Poloxamers". Polysorbates are described in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary as mixtures of esters of fatty acids of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydride condensed with ethylene oxide, commercially known as "Span". Particularly preferred are non ionic surfactant of the family known as "Tween", more particularly those surfactants known as "Tween" e "Tween 80", a commercial polyoxyetylensorbitan mono-oleate.
[0031] A surfactant as described above is present in the concentrated suspension of the invention in an amount up to the limit of solubility in the aqueous phase.
[0032] Isotonic solution or normal saline contains 9 g/l of salt. Inhalatory suspensions of the invention are isotonic or about isotonic, but can also be hypotonic or slightly hypertonic, the overall salt concentration ranging from 4 to 10 g/l of salt. Preferred salt is sodium chloride.
[0033] The concentration of salt in the concentrated suspension according to the invention must not be as high to cause coagulation of the particles due to lowering or elimination of the repulsive barrier among suspended particles, known also as "salting out". This means that, depending on the case, formation of an isotonic solution in the inhalatory suspension by dilution of the concentrated non inhalatory suspension may require addition of salt during dilution to avoid salting out of the concentrated suspension.
[0034] The concentrated non-inhalatory suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances according to the invention may contain other components, such as pH buffers, preservatives and excipients, as is known the field.
[0035] The concentrated non-inhalatory suspension of water insoluble pharmaceutical substances according to the invention can be prepared by first dissolving a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant in water to form a rather concentrated solution of surfactant.
[0036] Then the micronized particles of the water insoluble pharmaceutical substance are slowly added to such solution under stirring. This step is carried out in a small volume of water, to ensure effective coating of the particles by the surfactant. When a cationic surfactant is used, interaction between particles of pharmaceutical substance and surfactant is promoted by controlling the pH of the solution. Possible heat generated during dissolution can promote adsorption of surfactant on the surface of the particles. A high energy mixer equipped with turbine having a small holes grid (emulsions type) is used at a speed of 7,000 rpm for about 10 minutes.
[0037] Then a salt is added, preferably NaCl, which reduces the repulsive forces among the particles and stabilizes the suspension, possibly causing settling of particles which in any event can be easily re-dispersed by gentle shaking. Such salt also ensures, or contributes to ensure, that a solution with the desired salt concentration is formed by dilution of this concentrated suspension.
[0038] Optionally this concentrated non inhalatory suspension of pharmaceutical substances is subjected to sterilization by β irradiation ranging from 2 to 10 KGy or by γ irradiation ranging from 2 to 8 KGy. It has been found that the sterilization carried out on the concentrated suspension is fully satisfactory, since a dramatic reduction of the microbial count was achieved. Also, the particle size distribution of the sterilized suspension did not vary significantly after sterilization and upon 90 days of aging. It has also been found that no significant degradation of the pharmaceutical substance was caused by irradiation, as shown by the high purity of substance after irradiation.
[0039] Simple dilution upon stirring or gentle shaking of the concentrated non inhalatory suspension of the water insoluble pharmaceutical substances according to the invention brings about the formation of a ready to use, or extemporaneous, inhalatory suspension. Dilution is carried out with water or an aqueous solution of salt, depending on whether dilution with water only generates a normal saline or a slightly hypertonic or hypotonic solution, as described above, or whether a salt make-up is required. Dilution can be carried out in conventional mixers at a speed of not more than 500 rpm.
[0040] It has been found that the inhalatory suspension so prepared retains substantially the particle size distribution of the concentrated non inhalatory suspension, even upon aging, as well as physical stability.
[0041] When a sterilized concentrated non inhalatory suspension is used, a corresponding inhalatory suspension can be produced by diluting the concentrated suspension in a sterile room. This allows to carry out sterilization on small volumes of concentrated suspensions to generate industrial batches of sterile substances, avoiding terminal sterilization.
[0042] As an alternative, an inhalatory suspension of pharmaceutical substances can be prepared by dilution of the concentrated non inhalatory suspension directly before use, e.g. by a patient. To this purpose, there is provided a kit of components comprising a metered volume of said concentrated suspension and a metered volume of water or aqueous solution of a salt, kept in separate containers or in separate compartments of the same container, intended to be put into contact to form an inhalatory suspension having the desired concentration of the components. Such inhalatory suspension contains one or more pharmacological unit of the desired substance ensuring appropriate dosage level.
[0043] Treatment and handling of concentrated suspensions as opposed to diluted, inhalatory suspensions, brings about other process advantages that are apparent to a skilled person, including possibility to handle substances in selected and controlled areas of plants or laboratories and to treat such suspensions under laminar flow hoods.
EXAMPLES
Examples 1- 4
Preparation of concentrated non-inhalatory suspensions of Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP)
[0044] Table 1 shows the composition of the suspension for each example. Ex. 1 is a comparative example (no salt).
| Components | Amount (g/l) | |||
| Example | 1 (comp.) | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Beclomethasone Dipropionate | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| SPAN 20 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
| TWEEN 20 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 |
| Sodium Chloride | - | 9.0 | 4.2 | 9.0 |
| Distilled Water | Suff. to 1 1 | Suff. to 1 1 | suff. to 1 1 | suff. to 1 1 |
| Concentration vs inhalatory suspension | x5 | x5 | x5 | x10 |
[0045] The surfactants TWEEN 20 and SPAN 20 were added to distilled water and mixed for 5 minutes until complete dissolution at a speed of 1600 rpm in a mixer with a turbine model Silverson L4RT equipped with a standard mixing head, at room temperature.
[0046] Micronized Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) powder was added slowly under stirring the solution so obtained. The micronized powder had the following particle size distribution: d(0.1) 0.44 µm, d(0.5) 1.13 µm e d(0.9) 2.42 µm.
[0047] The BDP was then homogenized in the water solution of the two surfactants for 15 minutes at the speed of 7000 rpm by means of a mixer with a turbine model Silverson L4RT equipped with standard mixing head and operating at room temperature.
[0048] In examples 2, 3 and 4 sodium chloride was added to the concentrated suspensions, under stirring.
[0049] With the method of preparation described above non-inhalatory suspensions have been obtained in which the concentration of BDP is 5 or 10 times (as shown in the last line of Table 1) the concentration of a commercial inhalatory suspension of BDP (0.4 mg/ml).
[0050] The particle size distribution of such concentrated suspensions was then determined with a Particle Size Analizer Sympatec immediately after preparation (time t = 0) and upon aging of 7, 14 and 90 days (t=7; t=14; t=90). The span value is calculated with the formula Span = [d(0.9) - d(0.1)]/d(0.5), given before in this specification.
[0051] The results obtained are shown in Table 2.
| Ex | Particle Size Distribution (PSD) | |||||||||||||||
| t = 0 | t = 7 | t = 14 | t = 90 | |||||||||||||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| 1 | 1.03 | 2.39 | 5.18 | 1.74 | 1.11 | 2.60 | 5.23 | 1.58 | 1.11 | 2.70 | 5.40 | 1.59 | 1.29 | 4.12 | 10.68 | 2.27 |
| 2 | 1.09 | 2.54 | 5.58 | 1.76 | 1.11 | 2.58 | 5.36 | 1.65 | 1.09 | 2.58 | 5.49 | 1.70 | 1.10 | 2.74 | 5.89 | 1.74 |
| 3 | 1.09 | 2.47 | 5.15 | 1.64 | 1.11 | 2.62 | 5.51 | 1.68 | 1.11 | 2.60 | 5.44 | 1.67 | 1.07 | 2.50 | 5.16 | 1.63 |
| 4 | 1.12 | 2.74 | 6.66 | 2.02 | 1.13 | 2.78 | 6.07 | 1.77 | 1.09 | 2.70 | 5.71 | 1.71 | 1.17 | 2.95 | 6.14 | 1.68 |
[0052] It appears from the data of Table 2 that the PSD of example 2, 3 and 4 do not vary significantly over the time, although a settling of solid particles occurs, upon aging of 90 days. The suspension of Comparative Example 1, however, undergoes a significant increase of the d(0.5) and d(0.9) fractions after 90 days. In example 2, 3 and 4 the initial PSD is re-established by simple manual shaking of the suspension. This demonstrates that the micronized pharmaceutical substance is dispersed in the water solution in a stable way.
Examples 1a - 4a
Preparation of inhalatory BDP suspensions from the concentrated suspensions.
[0053] The concentrated non inhalatory suspensions containing BDP described in examples 1 to 4 were diluted to form inhalatory suspensions 1a - 4a ready to be administered.
[0054] The diluent was distilled water in the case of example 1a, and distilled water containing sodium chloride in the case of the other examples. The amount of sodium chloride in the diluent solution was such as to yield a concentration of 0.9% p/v (isotonic) in example 2a and 4a, and a concentration of 0.42% p/v (hypotonic) in the case of example 3a. The PSD of the diluted inhalatory suspensions was determined immediately after their preparation (t= 0). The results are shown in Table 3. The PSD shows that the suspensions are suitable for inhalatory administration.
| Example | PSD @ t= 0 | |||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| 1a | 1.08 | 2.46 | 5.09 | 1.61 |
| 2a | 1.07 | 2.48 | 5.21 | 1.66 |
| 3a | 1.08 | 2.51 | 5.44 | 1.73 |
| 4a | 1.11 | 2.71 | 5.99 | 1.80 |
Examples 5 -10
Preparation of concentrated non-inhalatory suspensions of Budesonide
[0055] Table 4 shows the composition of the suspension for each example. Ex. 5 is a comparative example (no salt).
| Components | Amount (g/l) | |||||
| Example | 5 (comp.) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Budesonide | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| TWEEN 20 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| Sodium chloride | - | 4.2 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 |
| Distilled Water | Suff. to 1 1 | Suff. To 11 | Suff. to 1 1 | suff. to 1 1 | suff. to 1 1 | suff. to 1 1 |
| Conc. vs inhalatory susp. | x 5 | x 5 | x 5 | x 5 | x 20 | x 20 |
[0056] The surfactant TWEEN 80 was added to distilled water and mixed for 5 minutes until complete dissolution at a speed of 1600 rpm in a mixer with a turbine model Silverson L4RT equipped with a standard mixing head, at room temperature.
[0057] Micronized Budesonide powder was added slowly under stirring the solution so obtained. The micronized powder had the following particle size distribution: d(0.1) 0.50 µm, d(0.5) 1.39µm; d(0.9) 3.15 µm.
[0058] The budesonide was then homogenized in the water solution of the surfactant for 15 minutes at the speed of 7000 rpm by means of a mixer with turbine model Silverson L4RT equipped with standard mixing head and operating at room temperature.
[0059] In example 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 sodium chloride was added to the concentrated suspensions, under stirring, in the amount shown.
[0060] With the method of preparation described above non-inhalatory suspensions have been obtained in which the concentration of budesonide is 5 or 20 times (as shown in the last line of Table 4) the concentration of a commercial inhalatory suspension of budesonide (0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml).
[0061] The particle size distribution of such concentrated suspensions was then determined with a Particle Size Analizer Sympatec immediately after preparation (time t = 0) and upon aging of 7, 14 and 90 days (t=7; t=14; t=90). The span value is calculated with the formula given before in this specification.
[0062] The results obtained are shown in Table 5.
| Ex | Particle Size Distribution (PSD) | |||||||||||||||
| t = 0 | t = 7 | t = 14 | t = 90 | |||||||||||||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| 5 | 0.78 | 1.75 | 3.53 | 1.57 | 0.82 | 1.82 | 3.99 | 1.74 | 0.80 | 1.77 | 3.98 | 1.80 | 0.80 | 1.79 | 4.40 | 2.01 |
| 6 | 0.79 | 1.76 | 3.55 | 1.57 | 0.81 | 1.77 | 3.48 | 1.51 | 0.83 | 1.93 | 3.89 | 1.58 | 0.78 | 1.73 | 3.47 | 1.55 |
| 7 | 0.79 | 1.84 | 3.68 | 1.57 | 0.80 | 1.81 | 3.59 | 1.54 | 0.80 | 1.73 | 3.35 | 1.47 | 0.79 | 1.75 | 3.50 | 1.55 |
| 8 | 0.81 | 1.74 | 3.45 | 1.52 | 0.79 | 1.81 | 3.60 | 1.55 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.81 | 1.98 | 4.06 | 1.64 |
| 9 | 0.77 | 1.75 | 3.48 | 1.55 | 0.79 | 1.86 | 3.78 | 1.61 | 0.80 | 1.81 | 3.62 | 1.56 | 0.78 | 1.77 | 3.53 | 1.55 |
| 10 | 0.77 | 1.75 | 3.48 | 1.55 | 0.79 | 1.79 | 3.56 | 1.55 | 0.80 | 1.77 | 3.48 | 1.51 | 0.76 | 1.76 | 3.52 | 1.57 |
[0063] It appears from the data of Table 5 that the PSD of example 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 do not vary significantly over the time, although a settling of solid particles occurs, even upon aging of 90 days. The suspension of Comparative Example 5 undergoes an increase of the d(0.9) fraction after 90 days. In the other examples the initial PSD is re-established by simple manual shaking of the suspension. This demonstrates that the micronized pharmaceutical substance is dispersed in the water solution in a stable way.
Examples 5a - 10a
Preparation of inhalatory suspensions of budesonide from the concentrated suspensions.
[0064] The concentrated non inhalatory suspensions containing budesonide described in examples 5 to 10 were diluted to form inhalatory suspensions 5a - 10a ready to be administered, containing 0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml of budesonide.
[0065] The diluent was distilled water in the case of example 5a, and a water solution of sodium chloride in the other examples. The amount of sodium chloride in the diluent solution was such as to yield a concentration of 0.9% p/v (isotonic) or a concentration of 0.42% p/v (hypotonic), depending on the example. The PSD of the diluted inhalatory suspensions was determined immediately after their preparation (t= 0). For the suspension of example 8a, 9a and 10a the PSD was determined also after aging of 90 days. The results are shown in Table 6. The PSD shows that the suspensions are suitable for inhalatory administration.
| Example | PSD | |||||||
| t = 0 | t= 90 | |||||||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| 5a | 0.80 | 1.74 | 3.41 | 1.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 6a | 0.81 | 1.76 | 3.56 | 1.56 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 7a | 0.81 | 1.75 | 3.54 | 1.56 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 8a | 0.80 | 1.78 | 3.54 | 1.54 | 0.80 | 1.88 | 3.75 | 1.57 |
| 9a | 0.84 | 1.77 | 3.54 | 1.47 | 0.78 | 1.72 | 3.49 | 1.57 |
| 10a | 0.79 | 1.81 | 3.53 | 1.51 | 0.79 | 1.76 | 3.61 | 1.60 |
Example 11 (comparative)
Preparation of a suspension of BDP (0.4 mg/ml) containing NaCl 0.9% according to WO 00/25746
[0066] Purpose of this comparative example is to prepare directly an inhalatory suspension of beclomethasone dipropionate in aqueous solution of sodium chloride and Tween 20 surfactant with the same concentration of the composition of example 2 of WO 00/25746, then determine the PSD of the suspension so obtained and compare it with the PSD of inhalatory suspensions of the inventions, which are prepared from concentrated suspensions in turn prepared using micronized BDP with the same particle size distribution. This shows whether the preparation process involving an intermediate production of concentrated suspensions of the invention improves the quality of the final PSD.
[0067] 450 mg of Tween 20, 90 mg of Span 20 and 3.65 g of NaCl were put in a vessel with 450 ml of distilled water and mixed under magnetic stirring for 20 minutes until complete dissolution of the two components.
[0068] 180 mg of BDP micronized powder were added to the solution so prepared. PSD of the powder was: d(0.1) 0.44 µm, d(0.5) 1.13 µm e d(0.9) 2.42 µm, namely the same PSD of the BDP powder used to prepare the concentrated suspensions of examples 1 - 4.
[0069] The BDP powder was then homogenized in the water solution of the two surfactants for 20 minutes at the speed of 2600 rpm. The BDP concentration was of 0.4 mg/ml.
[0070] The suspension obtained was analyzed to determine its PSD by means of a Particle Size Analizer Sympatec.
[0071] The results are shown in Table 7.
| Ex. 11 | Particle Size Distribution | |||||||||||
| t=0 | T = 21 | t=90 | ||||||||||
| d 0.1 | d 0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| 1.19 | 5.70 | 14.23 | 2.28 | 1.43 | 7.91 | 20.13 | 2.36 | 1.29 | 4.52 | 12.11 | 2.4 | |
[0072] The PSD of the inhalatory suspension prepared with the process above shows a substantial increase of the size of the particles in each fraction, since the time 0. The increase of the d0.5 and of the d0.9 fraction is dramatic. This shows that inhalatory suspensions prepared directly from powders without high pressure homogenization do not produce powders with the desired particle size distribution.
Example 12
Sterilization of a x 5 concentrated non inhalatory suspension of budesonide by irradiation with β or γ rays.
[0073] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension of Example 8 was irradiated with β rays at a dose of 2,4,6,8 e 10 KGy; and with γ rays at a dose of 2,4,6,8 KGy.
[0075] The results are shown in Table 8. A comparison PSD on a non-irradiated sample is shown at line 1.
| Example 12: Particle Size Distribution | ||||||||||||
| Dose | t = 0 | t = 45 | t = 90 | |||||||||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| Comparison | 0.81 | 1.74 | 3.45 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 1.76 | 3.51 | 1.54 | 0.81 | 1.98 | 4.06 | 1.64 |
| β : 2 KGy | 0.78 | 1.76 | 3.54 | 1.57 | 0.78 | 1.75 | 3.48 | 1.54 | 0.78 | 1.80 | 3.60 | 1.57 |
| β : 4 KGy | 0.79 | 1.87 | 3.82 | 1.62 | 0.78 | 1.81 | 3.65 | 1.58 | 0.78 | 1.77 | 3.52 | 1.55 |
| β : 6 KGy | 0.79 | 1.91 | 3.96 | 1.66 | 0.79 | 1.88 | 3.82 | 1.61 | 0.77 | 1.76 | 3.52 | 1.56 |
| β : 8 KGy | 0.78 | 1.86 | 3.81 | 1.63 | 0.85 | 2.09 | 4.25 | 1.63 | 0.86 | 2.20 | 4.61 | 1.70 |
| β : 10 KGy | 0.78 | 1.89 | 3.96 | 1.68 | 0.77 | 1.72 | 3.46 | 1.56 | 0.76 | 1.70 | 3.44 | 1.57 |
| γ : 2 KGy | 0.78 | 1.82 | 3.66 | 1.58 | 0.79 | 1.76 | 3.51 | 1.54 | 0.78 | 1.70 | 3.39 | 1.53 |
| γ : 4 KGy | 0.79 | 1.88 | 3.86 | 1.63 | 0.79 | 1.74 | 3.49 | 1.55 | 0.78 | 1.77 | 3.53 | 1.55 |
| γ : 6 KGy | 0.79 | 1.84 | 3.75 | 1.61 | 0.79 | 1.76 | 3.53 | 1.56 | 0.77 | 1.82 | 3.67 | 1.59 |
| γ : 8 KGy | 0.78 | 1.83 | 3.82 | 1.66 | 0.78 | 1.86 | 3.80 | 1.62 | 0.77 | 1.71 | 3.45 | 1.57 |
[0076] A test of microbial count was then carried out on the irradiated suspensions to determine if a satisfactory sterility was achieved. A purity test was also carried out to determine if any degradation of the pharmaceutical substance budesonide was provoked by the irradiation treatment.
[0077] As a comparison, a test of microbial count and purity was carrier out also on a sample of micronized budesonide powder.
[0078] The results are reported in Table 9 and Table 10 below.
| BETA IRRADIATION | ||||
| Budesonide Powder | Concentrated Budesonide Suspension (x 5) | |||
| Intensity of Irradiation (KGy) | Microbial count UFC/mg | Purity % | Microbial count UFC/ml | Purity % |
| 0 | 13 | 99.15 | 3.5 · 104 | 99.06 |
| 2 | Sterile | 99.15 | Sterile | 99.07 |
| 4 | Sterile | 99.08 | Sterile | 99.08 |
| 6 | Sterile | 99.05 | Sterile | 99.10 |
| 8 | Sterile | 98.97 | Sterile | 99.01 |
| 10 | Sterile | 98.95 | Sterile | 99.03 |
| GAMMA IRRADIATION | ||||
| Budesonide Powder | Concentrated Budesonide Suspension (x 5) | |||
| Intensity of Irradiation (KGy) | Microbial count UFC/mg | Purity % | Microbial count UFC/ml | Purity % |
| 0 | 13 | 99.15 | 3.5 · 104 | 99.06 |
| 2 | Sterile | 98.88 | Sterile | 98.97 |
| 4 | Sterile | 98.84 | Sterile | 98.91 |
| 6 | Sterile | 98.88 | Sterile | 98.98 |
| 8 | Sterile | 98.69 | Sterile | 98.91 |
Example 12a
[0079] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension sterilized by treatment with β rays at 10 KGy was then diluted with distilled water to produce a correspondingly β irradiated inhalatory suspension with a concentration of budesonide of 0.5 mg/ml, containing also an additional amount of sodium chloride so that the concentration of sodium chloride in the diluted suspension is 0.9% p/v.
[0080] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension sterilized by treatment with γ rays at 8 KGy was then diluted with distilled water to produce a correspondingly γ irradiated inhalatory suspension with a concentration of budesonide of 0.5 mg/ml, containing also an additional amount of sodium chloride so that the concentration of sodium chloride in the diluted suspension is 0.9% p/v.
[0081] The PSD at the time 0 is shown in Table 11. The β or γ irradiated inhalatory suspensions obtained by dilution of the corresponding β or γ irradiated concentrated suspensions have not undergone any significant increase in the PSD.
| PSD | ||||
| Example 12a | t=0 | |||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| Comparison | 0.80 | 1.78 | 3.54 | 1.54 |
| β-10 KGy | 0.78 | 1.80 | 3.70 | 1.62 |
| γ-8 KGy | 0.79 | 1.75 | 3.51 | 1.55 |
Example 13
Sterilization of a x 5 concentrated non inhalatory suspension of beclomethasone dipropionate by irradiation with β or γ rays.
[0082] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension of Example 2 was irradiated with β rays at a dose of 2,4,6,8 e 10 KGy; and with γ rays at a dose of 2,4,6,8 KGy.
[0084] The results are shown in Table 12. A comparison PSD on a non-irradiated sample is shown at line 1.
| Example 13: Particle Size Distribution | ||||||||||||
| Dose | t = 0 | t = 45 | t=90 | |||||||||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| Comparison | 1.09 | 2.77 | 6.21 | 1.85 | 1.14 | 2.95 | 6.54 | 1.83 | 1.10 | 2.74 | 5.89 | 1.75 |
| β: 2 KGy | 1.13 | 3.04 | 7.14 | 1.98 | 1.14 | 2.95 | 6.75 | 1.90 | 1.14 | 3.15 | 8.09 | 2.20 |
| β: 4 KGy | 1.15 | 3.19 | 7.82 | 2.10 | 1.12 | 2.91 | 6.57 | 1.87 | 1.07 | 2.73 | 5.98 | 1.80 |
| β: 6 KGy | 1.13 | 3.03 | 7.03 | 1.95 | 1.12 | 2.88 | 6.48 | 1.86 | 1.08 | 2.73 | 5.97 | 1.76 |
| β: 8 KGy | 1.13 | 3.10 | 7.29 | 1.99 | 1.12 | 2.88 | 6.44 | 1.85 | 1.06 | 2.75 | 6.11 | 1.87 |
| β: 10 KGy | 1.12 | 3.00 | 6.98 | 1.95 | 1.12 | 2.90 | 6.52 | 1.86 | 1.08 | 2.76 | 6.11 | 1.82 |
| γ: 2 KGy | 1.14 | 3.06 | 7.07 | 1.94 | 1.12 | 2.89 | 6.49 | 1.86 | 1.07 | 2.76 | 6.26 | 1.88 |
| γ: 4 KGy | 1.15 | 3.06 | 7.09 | 1.94 | 1.14 | 2.94 | 6.68 | 1.88 | 1.07 | 2.75 | 6.16 | 1.85 |
| γ: 6 KGy | 1.14 | 3.04 | 7.07 | 1.95 | 1.12 | 2.93 | 6.74 | 1.91 | 1.08 | 2.76 | 6.16 | 1.84 |
| γ: 8 KGy | 1.13 | 2.98 | 6.98 | 1.96 | 1.11 | 2.89 | 6.65 | 1.91 | 1.09 | 2.76 | 6.11 | 1.82 |
[0085] A test of microbial count was then carried out on the irradiated suspensions to determine if a satisfactory sterility was achieved. A purity test was also carried out to determine if any degradation of the pharmaceutical substance BDP was provoked by the irradiation treatment.
[0086] As a comparison, a test of microbial count and purity was carrier out also on a sample of micronized BDP powder.
[0087] The results are reported in Table 13 and Table 14 below.
| BETA IRRADIATION | ||||
| BDP Powder | Concentrated BDP Suspension (x 5) | |||
| Intensity of irradiation (KGy) | Microbial count UFC/ mg | Purity % | Microbial count UFC/ml | Purity % |
| 0 | 7 | 99.73 | 2.1 · 103 | 99.70 |
| 2 | Sterile | 99.73 | Sterile | 99.74 |
| 4 | Sterile | 99.66 | Sterile | 99.64 |
| 6 | Sterile | 99.67 | Sterile | 99.67 |
| 8 | Sterile | 99.51 | Sterile | 99.56 |
| 10 | Sterile | 99.49 | Sterile | 99.60 |
| GAMMA IRRADIATION | ||||
| BDP Powder | Concentrated BDP Suspension (x 5) | |||
| Intensity of irradiation (KGy) | Microbial count UFC/ mg | Purity % | Microbial count UFC/ml | Purity % |
| 0 | 7 | 99.73 | 2.1 · 103 | 99.70 |
| 2 | Sterile | 99.73 | Sterile | 99.80 |
| 4 | Sterile | 99.68 | Sterile | 99.75 |
| 6 | Sterile | 99.70 | Sterile | 99.74 |
| 8 | Sterile | 99.07 | Sterile | 99.62 |
Example 13a
[0088] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension sterilized by treatment with β rays at 10 KGy was then diluted with distilled water to produce a correspondingly β irradiated inhalatory suspension with a concentration of BDP of 0.4 mg/ml, containing also an additional amount of sodium chloride so that the concentration of sodium chloride in the diluted suspension is 0.9% p/v.
[0089] The concentrated non inhalatory suspension sterilized by treatment with γ rays at 8 KGy was then diluted with distilled water to produce a correspondingly γ irradiated inhalatory suspension with a concentration of BDP of 0.4 mg/ml, containing also an additional amount of sodium chloride so that the concentration of sodium chloride in the diluted suspension is 0.9% p/v.
[0090] The PSD at the time 0 is shown in Table 15. The β or γ irradiated inhalatory suspensions obtained by dilution of the corresponding β or γ irradiated concentrated suspensions have not undergone any significant increase in the PSD.
| PSD | ||||
| Example 13a | t=0 | |||
| d0.1 | d0.5 | d0.9 | span | |
| Comparison | 1.13 | 2.92 | 6.50 | 1.84 |
| β -10 KGy | 1.14 | 3.08 | 7.18 | 1.96 |
| γ -8 KGy | 1.11 | 2.95 | 6.91 | 1.97 |
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the span value is less than 2, and such features are retained upon aging the suspension for 90 days; said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of from 5 to 50 times the concentration of a suspension of the same substance for inhalatory administration;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l.
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the d(0.9) fraction of less than 7 µm, the span value is less than 2, and such features are retained upon aging the suspension of 90 days; said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of between 0.5 and 100 g/l;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l.
a) dissolving a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant in water to form an aqueous solution of said surfactant;
b) suspending in said aqueous solution micronized particles of said water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm and the span value is less than 2, at a concentration of from 2 to 100 times the concentration of said pharmaceutical substance in a suspension for inhalatory administration;
c) dissolving a salt in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l ;
said steps being carried out under stirring and at a pressure not higher than 2 bar.a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance having:
i) a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 4 µm, the
d(0.9) fraction is less than 9 µm, the span value is less than 2.5 upon aging the
suspension of 90 days;
ii) a reduction in total purity of the active material of less than 0.5% from the
initial purity of the untreated material;
said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of 200 g/l or less;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance;
c) a salt dissolved in said aqueous solution, at a concentration that: i) does not cause coagulation of said particles of pharmaceutical substance; and ii) generates upon dilution an inhalatory suspension in which the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase is not higher than 10 g/l.
a) micronized particles of at least one water insoluble pharmaceutical substance with a particle size distribution in which the d(0.5) fraction is less than 3 µm, the d(0.9) fraction is less than 7 µm, the span value is less than 2, said pharmaceutical substance being present at a concentration of from 0.1 to 2.0 g/l;
b) an aqueous solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant as dispersing medium for said micronized particles of pharmaceutical substance and of a salt in which the concentration of said salt is not higher than 10 g/l.