OBJECT AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present inventions relates generally to a new family of characteristic antenna
structures of reduced size featuring a broadband behavior, a multiband behavior of
a combination of both effects. The antennas according to the present invention include
at least two radiating structures or arms, said two arms being coupled through a specific
region of one or both of the arms called the proximity region or close proximity region.
[0002] There exists on the prior-art some examples of antennas formed with more than one
radiating structure, said structures being electromagnetically coupled to form a single
radiating device. One of the first examples would be the Yagi-Uda antenna (see Figure
1, Drawing 3). Said antenna consists of an active dipole structure, said active dipole
structure being fed through a conventional feeding network typically connected at
its mid-point, said dipole being coupled to a series of parasitic dipoles of different
lengths, said parasitic dipoles being parallel to the active dipole. The skilled in
the art will notice that the present invention is essentially different from the Yagi-Uda
antenna for several reasons: first of all, because in the Yagi-Uda antenna the distance
between any pair of dipoles is generally constant, that is all dipoles are parallel
and no proximity region is included to strength the coupling between dipoles. The
object of such a coupled parallel dipole arrangement in the Yagi-Uda antenna is to
provide an end-fire, directive radiation pattern, while in the present invention the
radiating arms are arranged together with the close proximity region to reduce the
antenna size yet providing a broadband or multiband behavior.
[0003] Another prior-art examples of antennas including two radiating structures coupled
together are stacked microstrip patch antennas ("
Miniature Wideband Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on the Sierpinski Fractal
Geometry", by Anguera, Puente, Borja, and Romeu. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, Salt Lake City, USA, July 2000). In such an arrangement, an active microstrip patch of arbitrary shape placed over
a ground-plane is coupled to a passive parasitic patch placed on top of said active
patch. It will be noticed that said active and parasitic patches keep a constant distance
between them and are not specifically coupled through a specific proximity region
on any of the two patches which were closer the adjacent patch. Such a stacked microstrip
patch antenna configuration provides a broadband behavior, but it is does not feature
a close proximity region as described in the present invention and it does not feature
a highly reduced size, since the patches are typically sized to match a half-wavelength
inside the dielectric substrate of the patch, while in the present invention the antennas
feature a characteristic small size below a quarter wave-length.
[0004] A prior art example of monopole and PIFA antennas which are coupled together to feature
a broadband behavior are described in "
Realization of Dual-Frequency and Wide-Band VSWR Performances Using Normal-Mode Helical
and Inverted-F Antennas", by Nakano, Ikeda, Suzuki, Mimaki, and Yamauchi, IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 46, No 6, June 1998. Again, those examples are clearly different from the antennas described in the present
invention because in all of said prior-art arrangements the active elements and the
parasitic ones are parallel to each other and do not get the benefit of the close
proximity region as disclosed in the present invention, which enhances the broadband
behavior while contributing to the antenna miniaturization.
[0005] There are some examples of structures in the prior art that include several radiating
structures that are not parallel to each other. An example is the V-dipole (see for
instance "
Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design", by Constantine Balanis, second edition) wherein there is a minimum distance between the two arms at the vertex of the
V-shape, but it should be noticed that such a vertex is the feeding point of the structure
and does not form a coupling proximity region between said arms as disclosed in the
present invention. In the present invention, the feeding point is specifically excluded
from the close proximity region since it does not contribute to a size reduction and/or
multiband or broadband behavior as it is intended here. To form a dipole according
to the present invention, at least one arm of the dipole needs to be folded such that
said folded arm approaches the other arm to form the close proximity region.
[0006] Other prior-art examples of antennas with multiple radiating arms are multibranch
structures (see for instance "
Multiband Properties of a Fractal Tree Antenna Generated by Electrochemical Deposition",
by Puente, Claret, Sagués, Romeu, López-Salvans, and Pous. IEE Electronics Letters,
vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 2298-2299. December 1996). Again those examples are essentially different to the present invention in which
all radiating arms are interconnected through direct ohmic contact to a common conducting
structure, while in the present invention at least two of the radiating arms of the
antenna must be disconnected and coupled only through said close proximity region.
[0007] The skilled in the art will notice that the present invention can be combined with
many prior-art antenna configurations to provide new antenna arrangements with enhanced
features. In particular, it should be clear that the shape of any of the radiating
arms can take many forms provided that at least two arms are included, and said arms
include said close proximity region between them. In particular, in several embodiments
one or several of the arms according to the present invention take the form of a Multilevel
Antenna as described in the Patent Publication No.
WO01/22528, a Space-Filling Antenna as described in the Patent Publication No.
WO01/54225 or any other complex shape such as meander and zigzag curves. Also, in some embodiments,
at least one of the arms approaches an ideal fractal curve by truncating the fractal
to a finite number of iterations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention consists of an antenna comprising at least two radiating structures,
said radiating structures taking the form of two arms, said arms being made of or
limited by a conductor, superconductor or semiconductor material, said two arms being
coupled to each other through a region on first and second arms such that the combined
structure of the coupled two-arms forms a small antenna with a broadband behavior,
a multiband behavior or a combination of both effects. According to the present invention,
the coupling between the two radiating arms is obtained by means of the shape and
spatial arrangement of said two arms, in which at least one portion on each arm is
placed in close proximity to each other (for instance, at a distance smaller than
a tenth of the longest free-space operating wavelength) to allow electromagnetic fields
in one arm being transferred to the other through said specific close proximity regions.
Said proximity regions are located at a distance from the feeding port of the antenna
(for instance a distance larger than 1/40 of the free-space longest operating wavelength)
and specifically exclude said feeding port of the antenna.
[0009] Drawings 4 and 5 from Figure 2 describe examples of antenna devices as described
in the present invention. In the particular example of Drawing 4, arms (110) and (111)
are L-shaped and coupled trough a close proximity region (200). In this case, the
antenna is mounted on a ground-plane (112) and it is fed at one of the tips (102)
of arm (110), while arm (111) is directly connected to ground (103). Although in a
very basic configuration, this example contains the essence of the invention (the
two arms or radiating structures coupled through a close proximity region (200), defined
by folded parts (108) and (109) from arms (110) and (111)). In the particular example
of Drawing 5, it can be seen that the position of the proximity region (201) can be
placed in other locations. Arm (100) is straight, whereas arm (113) has been folded.
The antenna system is mounted on a ground-plane (112) and it is fed at one of the
tips (102) or arm (100), whereas arm (113) is connected to ground (103). In both drawings
4 and 5 it can be seen that distance
Ws is smaller than distance
Wd. Other many embodiments and configurations are allowed within the scope and spirit
of the present invention, as it is described in the preferred embodiments.
[0010] It must be noticed that, according to the present invention the distance between
the two radiating arms cannot be constant since at least a proximity region needs
to be formed in a portion of the two arms to enhance the coupling from one arm to
the other, according to the present invention. In other words, the distance between
said two arms in the direction that is orthogonal to any of the arms is not constant
throughout all the arms. This specifically excludes any antenna made of two radiating
arms that run completely in parallel at a constant distance between them (such as
the examples shown in Figure 1).
[0011] The feeding mechanism of the present invention can take the form of a balanced or
unbalanced feed. In an unbalanced embodiment, the feeding port (102) is defined between
at least one point in a first of two said arms ((110) or (100)) and at least one point
on a ground plane (112) or ground counterpoise (see for instance (102) in Figure 1).
In this unbalanced case, arm (111) or (113) is shorted to said ground plane or ground
counterpoise (112). Also, in this unbalanced feeding scheme the proximity region ((200)
and (201)) is clearly distinguished within the structure because the minimum distance
between arms
Ws in said proximity region is always smaller than the distance
Wd between the feeding point (102) in said first arm ((110) or (100)) and the grounding
point (103) at said second arm ((111) or (113)).
[0012] In a balanced scheme (see for instance
Drawing 75 from Figure 17), one point at each of the two radiating structures or arms defines
the differential input port (183) between said two arms (182, 184). In this case,
the proximity region excludes such a differential feed region and it is located at
a distance larger than 1/40 of the free-space operating wavelength from said feed
region. Again, it must be noticed that in this arrangement the distance between said
arms (182, 184) cannot be constant and will typically include two close regions: the
feeding region (183) defining said differential input, and the proximity region which
is characteristic of the present invention.
[0013] One important aspect of the present invention is that no contact point exists between
the two radiating arms defining the antenna. Said two arms form two separated radiating
elements, which are coupled by the characteristic close proximity region, but no ohmic
contact between said two arms is formed. This specifically excludes from the present
invention any antenna formed by a single radiating multibranch structure where two
or several of the radiating arms on said multibranch structure can be coupled through
a proximity region. The difference between the present invention and said multibranch
structures is obvious, since in a multibranch structure all radiating arms or branches
are connected in direct ohmic contact to a single conducting structure, while the
present invention is specifically made of at least two separated radiating structures
with no direct contact among them.
[0014] Regarding the shape of the radiating arms of the antenna, they can take any form
as long as they include the characteristic proximity region between them. In some
embodiments L or U sh aped arms are preferred. In other embodiments the arms take
the form of complex multilevel and space-filling structures, and even in some embodiments
one or two of the arms approach the shape of a fractal form. In fact, the shape of
the arms is not a differential aspect of the invention; the differential aspect of
the invention is the proximity region that provides a strong coupling between the
otherwise independent radiating arms.
[0015] It can be noticed that the scope of the present invention is not limited to structure
formed by two radiating arms. Three or more radiating arms can be included within
the invention as long as at least two of them define a close proximity region as described
above. In some embodiments, multiple arms are coupled together through a single close
proximity region. In other embodiments, the some of the several arms are coupled together
through several proximity regions.
[0016] The main advantages of the present invention with respect to other prior art antennas
are:
- (a) A reduced size or height with respect to other quarter-wavelength resonating elements.
- (b) A broadband behavior with typical bandwidths around 50% and beyond.
- (c) A better return-loss and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) at the input port.
- (d) An enhanced radiation efficiency compared to other antennas of the same size.
- (e) An enhanced gain compared to other antennas of the same size.
[0017] The skilled in the art will notice that, obviously, such advantages can be combined
with other features, for instance, a multiband response. The skilled in the art will
notice that such a multiband response can be obtained within the present invention
by adjusting the length and size of the several-coupled arms, together with the spacing
and size of the proximity region defined between the several arms. Another way of
combining said advantages with a multiband behavior consists of shaping at least one
of the arms as a multiband antenna, for instance by means of a multilevel structure
or a space-filling structure.
[0018] Depending on the arrangement and application, the arms of the present invention can
take the form of any of the prior art antennas, including monopoles, dipoles, planar
inverted-F (PIFA) and inverted-F (IFA) structures, microstrip structures, and so on.
Therefore, the invention is not limited to the aforementioned antennas. The antenna
could be of any other type as long as the antenna includes at least two radiating
arms or structures, and that those arms define a close proximity region where the
distance between arms reaches a minimum value.
[0019] It will be clear that depending on the antenna embodiment included in the present
invention, the resulting antenna would be suitable for several environments. In particular,
the antennas can be integrated in handheld terminals (cellular or cordless telephones,
PDAs, electronic pagers, electronic games, or remote controls), in cellular or wireless
access points (for instance for coverage in micro-cells or pico-cells for systems
such as AMPS, GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, UMTS, PCS1900, DCS, DECT, WLAN, ...), in car
antennas, in integrated circuit packages or semiconductor devices, in multichip modules,
and so on.
[0020] Some aspects (A) or embodiments of the invention are as follows (A1-A25):
A1.- An antenna device characterized in that it includes two or more radiating arms, a first of these radiating arms including
a feeding point, wherein at least two of these radiating arms are coupled by at least
a close proximity region, said proximity region being formed by a portion of said
two arms in which the distance between at least a first point in said first arm and
at least a second point in a second arm is smaller than the distance between said
feeding point on said first arm and any point on the second arm, and wherein the antenna
does not include a contact point between said first arm and said second arm.
A2.- An antenna device according to aspect A1 characterized in that it includes at least a first and a second radiating arm, said first arm including
a feeding point, wherein the distance between at least a first point in said first
arm and a second point in said second arm is smaller than the distance between said
feeding point on said first arm and any point on the second arm said distance between
said first and second points being shorter than a tenth of the longer free-space operating
wavelength.
A3.- An antenna device characterized in that it includes at least a first and a second radiating arm, said first arm including
a feeding point, wherein the distance between at least a first point in said first
arm and a second point in said second arm is smaller than the distance between any
third point on first arm and any fourth point on second arm, such a third and fourth
points being located at a distance away from the feeding or grounding point of said
arms, said distance between third and fourth points being longer than 1/40 of the
free-space operating wavelength, and wherein the antenna system does not include a
contact point between said first arm and said second arm.
A4.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, or A3 characterized in that a first arm includes a feeding port, said feeding port being formed by at least a
point in one of the tips of said first arm and at least a point on a ground-plane
or ground counterpoise, and wherein a second arm has one of its tips connected to
said ground-plane or ground counterpoise.
A5.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, or A4 characterized in that the antenna has a differential input between a first feeding point on a first arm
and a second feeding point on a second arm such that said first and second arms define
the two arms of a dipole antenna.
A6.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, or A5 characterized in that the antenna includes a differential input between a first feeding point on a first
arm and a second feeding point on a second arm, and wherein said first and second
arms are coupled through two close regions that include said close first and second
points on each of said first and second arms respectively, such that said first arm,
said second arm and the coupling region between both arms define a loop for the current
flowing through the antenna structure.
A7.- An antenna device according to aspect A4 characterized in that at least one of the tips in one of the arms is closer to at least a point on a second
arm than the distance between the feeding point in one arm and the grounding point
on the other arm.
A8.- An antenna device according to aspect A4 characterized in that at least one of the arms include one bend, said bend defining an angle smaller than
90° with respect to the normal direction to a plane, said plane including the feeding
point in one arm and being orthogonal to the ground plane at the feeding point and
said plane excluding the grounding point on a second arm of the antenna, said normal
to said plane being described by a vector pointing to the semispace over said plane
including said grounding point on said second arm.
A9.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, or A8, characterized in that at least a portion of at least one arm is formed after 2 to 9 connected segments,
each of said segments forming an angle with their neighbouring connected segments,
said angle being smaller than 180 degrees, said segments being shorter than 1/3 of
the longer free-space operating wavelength.
A10.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, or A8, characterized in that at least a portion of at least one arm is formed after ten or more connected segments,
each of said segments forming an angle with their neighbouring connected segments,
said angle being smaller than 180 degrees, said segments being shorter than 1/8 of
the longer free-space operating wavelength.
A11.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, or
A10 characterized in that at least a portion of at least one arm includes a set of conductor, superconductor
or semiconductor polygons, all of said polygons featuring the same number of sides,
wherein said polygons are electromagnetically coupled either by means of a capacitive
coupling or ohmic contact, wherein the contact region between directly connected polygons
is narrower than 50% of the perimeter of said polygons in at least 75% of said polygons
defining said conducting ground-plane.
A12.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, or
A10 characterized in that at least one of the arms is formed by a polygonal surface enclosing a conducting,
superconducting or semiconducting material.
A13.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10,
A11, or A12 characterized in that at least a portion of said first and second arms are lying on two parallel surfaces,
said surfaces being spaced by a dielectric material.
A14.-An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11,
or A12 characterized in that at least a portion of said first and second arm have a substantially planar shape,
said portions being mounted orthogonally to a rectangular or elongated ground plane
at a distance smaller than 1/3 of the free-space operating wavelength from the shorter
side or edge of said ground plane, said portions of said arms being substantially
parallel to said edge of said ground-plane, said first arm including a feeding point,
said feeding point being located near the corner of said ground plane at a distance
smaller than a tenth of the free-space operating wavelength, said second arm being
connected to said ground plane near the opposite corner on the same shorter edge of
said ground plane at a distance smaller than a tenth of the free-space operating wavelength.
A15.- An antenna device according to aspect A14, characterized in that the planar portion of said first arm is closer to the edge of said ground plane than
the planar portion of said second arm, and said first arm includes the feeding point,
while the second arm is shorted to the ground plane.
A15.- An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11,
A12, or A13 characterized in that said first and second arms are planar and parallel to the ground plane.
A17.-An antenna device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11,
A12, A13, or A16 characterized in that said first and second arms are planar and parallel to the ground plane and are printed
in any of the layers of the sides of a single layer or a multilayer printed circuit
board, said board including also said ground plane.
A18.- An antenna for a handheld device according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6,
A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, or A17 characterized in that the antenna features a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) below 2 within the 800
MHz to 2500 MHz frequency range.
A19.- An antenna according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11,
A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, or A17, characterized in that said antenna is integrated inside the package of an integrated circuit or chip, such
that at least one of the arms of said antenna is printed in one of the layers of the
substrate supporting the semiconductor die.
A20.- An antenna according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13,
A14, A15, A16, or A17 characterized in that the arms and the ground plane are enclosed inside a plastic or dielectric package,
said package being mounted on the glass surface of a motor vehicle, said antenna operating
from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz frequency range.
A21.- An antenna according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13,
A14, A15, A16, or A17 characterized in that a second microstrip or patch antenna is mounted over said ground-plane and parallel
to said groundplane to receive a signal from a GPS satellite, a Galileo satellite,
an SOARS satellite or a combination of said signals simultaneously.
A22.- An antenna according to aspects A1, A2, A3, A4, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13,
A14, A15, A16, or A17 characterized in that the groundplane is a PBG (Photonic Band-Gap) groundplane, or a EBG (Electromagnetic
Band-Gap) groundplane, or a Hi-Z (High Impendance) groundplane.
A23.- An antenna according to any of the preceding aspects, characterized in that at least one of the radiating arms include one or more sub-branches. A24.- An antenna
according to any of the aspects A1 to A22, characterized in that at least one of the radiating arms has one or more parts acting as stubs.
A25.- An antenna according to any of the aspects A1 to A22, characterized in that radiating arms are 3D structures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made to
the appended drawings in which:
Figure 1 shows different prior-art configurations. Drawing 1 shows a conventional
active monopole (unbalanced antenna connected to a feed point) with a parallel parasitic
element, whereas Drawing 2 shows a conventional active monopole (unbalanced antenna
connected to a feed point) with four conventional straight parasitic elements, all
of them parallel to the active monopole. Drawing 3 shows a very well-known prior-art
configuration known as Yagi-Uda, used mainly for terrestrial communications. With
this Yagi-Uda configuration, several parasitic elements are placed in parallel to
the active element and at the same distance to each other.
Figure 2 shows two basic structures for what is covered with this invention. Drawing
4 shows two arms, one of them is fed, and the other one is directly connected to ground.
It can be seen that there is a close proximity region between them. Both arms are
folded in this example. Drawing 5 shows another configuration for the two arms, wherein
the arm that is fed is straight, whereas the parasitic arm is folded so as to form
a close proximity region with said first arm.
Figure 3 shows several basic examples of different configurations for coupled antennas,
where the arms that are connected to the feeding point (active arms) are straight,
whereas the parasitic arms are folded so as to form a close proximity region with
the active arms.
Figure 4 shows a series of more complex examples of coupled antennas, where the arms
that are connected to the feeding point (active arms) are straight, whereas the parasitic
arms can be folded with space-filling curves.
Figure 5 shows that not only the parasitic arms can be folded so as to form a close
proximity region, but also the active arms, that is, the arms that are connected to
groundplane. Basic configurations are shown in this figure.
Figure 6 shows alternative schemes of coupled antennas. Drawings 24, 25, and 26 are
examples of coupled antennas where either one of two arms have parts acting as stubs,
for better matching the performance of the antenna to the required specifications.
Drawings 27, 28, and 29 show examples of how coupled-loop structures can be done by
using the present invention.
Figure 7 shows that several parasitic arms (that is, arms that are not connected to
the feeding port) can be placed within the same structure, as long as there is a close
proximity region as defined in the object of the invention.
Figure 8 shows different configurations of arms formed by space-filling curves. As
in previous examples, no matter how the arms are built, the close proximity region
is well defined.
Figure 9 shows another set of examples where arms include one or several sub-branches
to their structure, so as to better match the electrical characteristics of the antenna
with the specified requirements.
Figure 10 shows several complex configurations of coupled antennas, with combinations
of configurations previously seen in Figures 1-9.
Figure 11 shows that any shape of the arm can be used, as long as the coupled antennas
are connected through a close proximity region.
Figure 12 shows a series of complex examples of coupled antennas. Drawings 60 and
61 show that arms can also be formed by planar structures. Drawing 62 shows an active
arm formed by a multilevel structure. Drawing 63 shows a spiral active arm surrounding
the parasitic arm. Drawing 64 shows another example of planar arms folded. Not only
linear or planar structures are covered within the scope of the present invention,
as seen in Drawing 65, where two 3D arms are positioned so as to form a close proximity
region.
Figure 13 shows that not only monopoles can feature a close proximity region, but
also slot antennas, such as the ones showed in Drawings 66 and 67.
Figure 14 shows a coupled antenna mounted on a chip configuration.
Figure 15 shows more examples of applications where coupled antennas can be mounted.
Drawings 70 and 72 show basic configurations of coupled antennas mounted on handheld
PCBs. Drawing 71 shows a clamshell handheld configuration (folded PCB) and how the
coupled antenna could be mounted on that.
Figure 16 shows another configuration for coupled antennas, where those are connected
in a car environment.
Figure 17, Drawing 74 shows a PIFA structure that is also covered within the scope
of the present invention, since it features a close proximity region between the two
arms (in this case, two planar patches) of the structure. Drawings 75, 76, and 77
show a series of dipole structures (balanced feeding structure) that also feature
a close proximity region.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0022] In order to construct a coupled antenna system according to embodiments of the invention,
a suitable antenna design is required. Any number of possible configurations exists,
and the actual choice of antenna is dependent, for instance, on the operating frequency
and bandwidth, among other antenna parameters. Several possible examples of embodiments
are listed hereinafter. However, in view of the foregoing description, it will be
evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within
the scope of the invention. In particular, different materials and fabrication processes
for producing the coupled antenna system may be selected, which still achieve the
desired effects.
[0023] Drawing 1 from Figure 1 shows in a manner already known in prior-art an antenna system
formed by two monopoles, one acting as the active monopole (100) and the other acting
as the parasitic monopole (101). The feed point (102), represented with a circle in
all the drawings in the present invention, can be implemented in several ways, such
a coaxial cable, the sheath of which is coupled to the groundplane, and the inner
conductor of which is coupled to the radiating conductive element (100). Parasitic
element (101) is connected to groundplane through (103). In this configuration, there
is no close proximity region, since both (100) and (101) are in parallel. The radiating
conductive element (100) is usually shaped in prior art like a straight wire, but
several other shapes can be found in other patents or scientific articles. Shape and
dimensions of radiating element (100) and parasitic element (101) will contribute
in determining the operating frequency of the overall antenna system.
[0024] Drawing 2 from Figure 1 shows also in a manner known in prior-art an antenna system
formed by a radiating element (100) and several parasitic monopoles (104). In this
configuration, there is no close proximity region, since both the radiating element
(100) and the parasitic elements (104) are in parallel.
[0025] Drawing 3 from Figure 1 shows a prior-art configuration known as Yagi-Uda. With this
structure, the distance between any pair of dipoles is generally constant, that is,
all the dipoles (105, 106, 107) are parallel and no proximity region is included to
strength the coupling between dipoles. The object of such a parallel dipole arrangement
in the Yagi-Uda antenna is to provide an end-fire, directive radiation pattern, whereas
in the present invention the radiating arms are arranged together with the close proximity
region to reduce the antenna size yet providing a broadband or multiband behavior.
[0026] Unlike the prior art structures illustrated in Figure 1, the newly disclosed coupled
antenna system shown in Figure 2, Drawing 4, is composed by a radiating element (110)
connected to a feeding point (represented by (102)) and a parasitic element (111)
connected to the groundplane (112) through (103). It is clear in this configuration
the close proximity region (200) between folded subpart arms (108) and (109). That
is,
Ws <
Wd. Feeding point (102) can be implemented in several ways, such a coaxial cable, the
sheath of which is coupled to the groundplane (112), and the inner conductor of which
is coupled to the radiating conductive element (110). Shape and dimensions of radiating
element (110) and parasitic element (111) will contribute in determining the operating
frequency of the overall antenna system. For the sake of clarity but without loss
of generality, a particular case is showed in Drawing 5. It is composed by a radiating
element (100) connected to a feeding point (102), and a parasitic element (113) connected
to the groundplane (112) through (103). It is clear in this configuration also that
the close proximity region (201) between (100) and (113) contributes to the enhanced
performance of the antenna system, and that
Ws <
Wd. It is clear to those skilled in the art that these configurations in Figure 2 could
have been any other type with any size, and being coupled in any other manner as long
as the close proximity region is formed, as it will be seen in the following preferred
embodiments. For the sake of clarity, the resulting monopole structures are lying
on a common flat groundplane, but other conformal configurations upon curved or bent
surfaces for both the coupled antennas and the groundplanes could have been used as
well. The ground-plane (112) being showed in the drawing is just an example, but several
other groundplane embodiments known in the art or from previous patents could have
been used, such as multilevel or space-filling groundplanes, or Electromagnetic Band-Gap
(EBG) groundplanes, or Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) groundplanes, or high-impedance (Hi-Z)
groundplanes. The groundplane can be disposed on a dielectric substrate. This may
be achieved, for instance, by etching techniques as used to produce PCBs, or by using
a conductive ink.
[0027] In some preferred embodiments, such as the ones being showed in Figure 3, only the
parasitic elements (114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119) are folded so as to form a close
proximity region between radiating elements (100) and parasitic elements (114, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119). Basic configurations (Drawings 6 to 11) are being illustrated
in this Figure, where folding of the parasitic elements (114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119) is formed by 90-degree angles. The described embodiments of this figure are presented
by way of example only and do not limit the invention. Having illustrated and described
the principles of the invention in several preferred embodiments thereof, it should
be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention can be modified
in arrangement and detail without departing from the close proximity region principle.
[0028] Some embodiments, like the ones being showed in Figure 4, where space-filling curves
are coupled, are preferred when a multiband or broadband behavior is to be enhanced.
Said space-filling arrangement allows multiple resonant frequencies which can be used
as separate bands or as a broadband if they are properly coupled together. Also, said
multiband or broadband behaviour can be obtained by shaping said elements with different
lengths within the structure. Space-filling curves is also a way to miniaturize further
the size of the antenna. For the sake of clarity but without loss of generality, particular
configurations are being showed in this figure, where the active elements (that is,
the radiating arms) are straight, whereas the space-filling properties have been utilized
in the parasitic elements. However, the same space-filling principle could have been
used to the radiating elements, as it will be shown in other preferred embodiments
described later in this document.
[0029] In some preferred embodiments, such as the ones being showed in Figure 5, both the
parasitic elements (121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129) and the radiating/active elements
(120, 124, 126, 128) are folded so as to form a close proximity region between said
radiating elements (120, 124, 126, 128) and said parasitic elements (121, 122, 123,
125, 127, 129). Basic configurations (Drawings 18 to 23) are being illustrated in
this figure, where folding of the parasitic elements (121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129)
and radiating elements (120, 124, 126, 128) is formed by 90-degree angles. The described
embodiments of this figure are presented by way of example only and do not limit the
invention. Having illustrated and described the principles of the invention in several
preferred embodiments thereof, it should be readily apparent to those skilled in the
art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing
from the close proximity region principle.
[0030] For the preferred embodiments showed in Drawings 24, 25, and 26 from Figure 6, the
arms are being formed by means of using inductive stubs (130, 131, 132, 133, 134).
The purpose of those is further reduce the size of the antenna system. The position
of said stubs can be placed and distributed along the radiating or the parasitic arms.
[0031] In some preferred embodiments, loop configurations for the coupled antennas further
help matching the operating frequencies of the antenna system, such as the ones showed
in Drawings 27, 28, and 29 in Figure 6. From these drawings it can be seen that the
overall shape of the antenna system forms an open loop, yet still being within the
scope of the present invention without departing from the close proximity region principle.
[0032] To illustrate that several modifications of coupled antenna systems can be done based
on the same principle and spirit of the present invention, other preferred embodiment
examples are shown in Figure 7. Drawing 30 shows a structure where two parasitic elements
(135, 136) are included, and a close proximity region is being formed between the
active element and the parasitic subsystem. Drawings 31 to 35 show other preferred
configurations where several parasitic elements with different shapes have been placed
in different locations and distribution.
[0033] Some embodiments, like the ones being showed in Figure 8, where space-filling curves
are coupled, are preferred when a multiband or broadband behavior is to be enhanced.
Said space-filling arrangement allows multiple resonant frequencies which can be used
as separate bands or as a broadband if they are properly coupled together. Also, said
multiband or broadband behaviour can be obtained by shaping said elements with different
lengths within the structure. Space-filling curves is also a way to miniaturize further
the size of the antenna. For the sake of clarity but without loss of generality, particular
configurations are being showed in this figure, where the both the active elements
(that is, the radiating arms) and the parasitic elements are being formed by means
of space-filling curves.
[0034] In some preferred embodiments, sub-branches to the parasitic and the active elements
need to be added so as to match the frequency response of the antenna to the required
specifications. Drawing 42 in Figure 9 shows a configuration where a branch (137)
has been added to the active element, and another branch (138) has been added to the
parasitic element. The shape and size of the branch could be of any type, such as
linear, planar or volumetric, without loss of generality. Drawings 43 to 47 in Figure
9 show other examples of coupled antennas with a branch-like configuration.
[0035] It is interesting to notice that the advantage of the coupled antenna geometry can
be used in shaping the radiating elements and the parasitic elements in very complex
ways. Particular examples of coupled antennas using complex configuration and designs
are being showed in Drawings 48 to 53 in Figure 10, but it appears clear to any skilled
in the art that many other geometries could be used instead within the same spirit
of the invention.
[0036] The shape and size of the arms could be of any type, such as linear, planar or volumetric,
without loss of generality. Drawings 54 to 59 in Figure 11 show several examples of
coupled antennas where shape of both radiating and parasitic elements varies within
the same element.
[0037] Figure 12 shows that not only linear structures can be adapted to meet the close
proximity region principle defined in the scope of this invention. Drawing 60 shows
an example of two planar elements (143, 144). Drawing 62 shows an example of a multilevel
structure acting as the radiating element. Drawing 63 shows a spiral active arm surrounding
the parasitic arm. Drawing 64 shows another example of planar arms folded. Not only
linear or planar structures are covered within the scope of the present invention,
as seen in Drawing 65, where two 3D arms are positioned so as to form a close proximity
region.
[0038] Figure 13 shows that not only monopoles or dipoles can feature a close proximity
region, but also slot antennas, such as the ones showed in Drawings 66 and 67. Both
drawings are being composed by a conventional solid surface ground-plane (151) that
has been cut-out so as to have some slots on it (152, 156, 158). The feedpoint (155)
can be implemented in saveral ways, such as a coaxial cable, the sheath (153) of which
is connected to the external part of (151), and the inner conductor (154) of the coaxial
cable is coupled to the inner radiating conductive element, as shown in Drawing 66.
In the case of Drawing 67, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable would be connected
to (157). Another preferred embodiment of coupled antennas is the one being showed
in Figure 14. The Drawing represents a coupled antenna being placed in an IC (or chip)
module, and is composed by a top cover (159), by an transmit/receive IC module (163),
by bond wires (162), by the lead frame of the chip (164), and by a coupled antenna,
being formed by an active element and a parasitic element (160, 161). Any other type
of chip technology could been used without loss of generality.
[0039] Figure 15 shows different configurations of handheld applications where coupled antennas,
as described in the present invention, can be used. Drawing 70 shows a PCB (167) of
a handheld device (for instance, a cellphone) that acts as groundplane. Just for the
sake of clarity, the antenna system in this example is formed by two arms, one acting
as active (165), that is, connected to the feeding point, and the other one acting
as parasitic (166). Drawing 71 shows a clamshell configuration (also known as flip-type)
for a cellphone device, and where the antenna system presented in this invention could
be located at. Drawing 72 shows a PCB (172) of a handheld device (for instance, a
cellphone) that acts as groundplane. The antenna system in this example is formed
by two arms that are, in this specific case, 3D structures , once acting as the active
arm (171) and the other one acting as the parasitic arm (170). Here, the arms (170,
171) of the antenna system are presented as a parallelepipeds, but any other structure
can be obviously taken instead. Another preferred embodiment is the one shown in Figure
16, where the coupled antenna system (173, 174) is mounted on or in a car.
[0040] Figure 17, Drawing 74 shows a PIFA structure that is being composed by an active
element formed by groundplane (176), a feeding point (177) coupled somewhere on the
patch (178) depending upon the desired input impedance, a grounding or shorting point
connection (175), and a radiator element (178). Also, the system is being formed by
a parasitic element (179) that is connected to groundplane as well (181). In Drawing
74 it can be clearly seen that the close proximity region is formed by elements (178)
and (179). PIFA antennas have become a hot topic lately due to having a form that
can be integrated into the per se known type of handset cabinets. Preferably, for
this type of antenna system, the antenna, the ground-plane or both are disposed on
a dielectric substrate. This may be achieved, for instance, by etching techniques
as used to produce PCBs, or by printing the antenna and the ground-plane onto the
substrate using a conductive ink. A low-loss dielectric substrate (such as glass-fibre,
a teflon substrate such as Cuclad
® or other commercial materials such as Rogers
® 4003 well-known in the art) can be placed between said patches and ground-plane.
Other dielectric materials with similar properties may be substituted above without
departing from the intent of the present invention. As an alternative way to etching
the antenna and the ground-plane out of copper or any other metal, it is also possible
to manufacture the antenna system by printing it using conductive ink. The antenna
feeding scheme can be taken to be any of the well-known schemes used in prior art
patch or PIFA antennas as well, for instance: a coaxial cable with the outer conductor
connected to the ground-plane and the inner conductor connected to the patch at the
desired input resistance point; a microstrip transmission line sharing the same groundplane
as the antenna with the strip capacitively coupled to the patch and located at a distance
below the patch, or in another embodiment with the strip placed below the ground-plane
and coupled to the patch through a slot, and even a microstrip transmission line with
the strip co-planar to the patch. All these mechanisms are well known from prior art
and do not constitute an essential part of the present invention. The essential part
of the present invention is the shape of the proximity close region, which contributes
to reducing the size with respect to prior art configurations, as well as enhancing
antenna bandwidth, VSWR, and radiation efficiency.
[0041] Drawings 75 to 77 in Figure 17 show configurations of coupled antennas as described
in the object of the present invention, but with balanced feeding points (183).
[0042] The above-described embodiments of the invention are presented by way of example
only and do not limit the invention. Having illustrated and described the principles
of our invention in several preferred embodiments thereof, it should be readily apparent
to those skilled in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and
detail without departing from such principles.
1. An antenna device characterized in that it includes two or more radiating arms, a first of these radiating arms including
a feeding point, wherein at least two of these radiating arms are coupled by at least
a close proximity region, said proximity region being formed by a portion of said
two arms in which the distance between at least a first point in said first arm and
at least a second point in a second arm is smaller than the distance between said
feeding point on said first arm and any point on the second arm, and wherein the antenna
does not include a contact point between said first arm and said second arm; and wherein
the first arm includes a feeding port, said feeding port being formed by at least
a point in one of the tips of said first arm and at least a point on a ground-plane
or ground counterpoise, and wherein the second arm has one of its tips connected to
said ground-plane or ground counterpoise.
2. An antenna device according to claim 1, comprising three or more radiating arms (30-35),
at least two of them forming said close proximity region, and wherein, optionally,
- multiple radiating arms are coupled together through a single close proximity region;
or
- some of the several arms are coupled together through several proximity regions.
3. An antenna device according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of parasitic arms are
placed within the same structure, said parasitic arms being arms not connected to
the feeding port.
4. An antenna device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said distance between said first and second points is shorter than a tenth of the
longest free-space operating wavelength, and in that said proximity region is located at a distance from the feeding port of the antenna
that is larger that 1/40 of said longest free-space operating wavelength.
5. An antenna device according to claim 1 characterized in that at least one of the tips in one of the arms is closer to at least a point on a second
arm than the distance between the feeding point in one arm and the grounding point
on the other arm.
6. An antenna device according to claim 1 characterized in that at least one of the arms include one bend, said bend defining an angle smaller than
90° with respect to the normal direction to a plane, said plane including the feeding
point in one arm and being orthogonal to the ground plane at the feeding point and
said plane excluding the grounding point on a second arm of the antenna, said normal
to said plane being described by a vector pointing to the semispace over said plane
including said grounding point on said second arm.
7. An antenna device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, characterized in that at least a portion of at least one arm is formed after ten or more connected segments,
each of said segments forming an angle with their neighbouring connected segments,
said angle being smaller than 180 degrees, said segments being shorter than 1/8 of
the longer free-space operating wavelength.
8. An antenna device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7,
characterized in that
- at least a portion of at least one arm includes a set of conductor, superconductor
or semiconductor polygons, all of said polygons featuring the same number of sides,
wherein said polygons are electromagnetically coupled either by means of a capacitive
coupling or ohmic contact, wherein the contact region between directly connected polygons
is narrower than 50% of the perimeter of said polygons in at least 75% of said polygons
defining said conducting ground-plane; or
- at least one of the arms is formed by a polygonal surface enclosing a conducting,
superconducting or semiconducting material.
9. An antenna device according to claims 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, characterized in that at least a portion of said first and second arms are lying on two parallel surfaces,
said surfaces being spaced by a dielectric material.
10. An antenna device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, characterized in that at least a portion of said first and second arm have a substantially planar shape,
said portions being mounted orthogonally to a rectangular or elongated ground plane
at a distance smaller than 1/3 of the free-space operating wavelength from the shorter
side or edge of said ground plane, said portions of said arms being substantially
parallel to said edge of said ground-plane, said first arm including a feeding point,
said feeding point being located near the corner of said ground plane at a distance
smaller than a tenth of the free-space operating wavelength, said second arm being
connected to said ground plane near the opposite corner on the same shorter edge of
said ground plane at a distance smaller than a tenth of the free-space operating wavelength.
11. An antenna device according to claim 10, characterized in that the planar portion of said first arm is closer to the edge of said ground plane than
the planar portion of said second arm, and said first arm includes the feeding point,
while the second arm is shorted to the ground plane.
12. An antenna device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, characterized in that said first and second arms are planar and parallel to the ground plane.
13. An antenna according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the radiating arms include one or more sub-branches.
14. An antenna according to any of the claims 1 to 12, characterized in that at least one of the radiating arms has one or more parts acting as stubs.
15. An antenna according to any of the claims 1 to 12, characterized in that radiating arms are planar structures or 3D structures.
16. An antenna according to any of the preceding claims, said antenna being a monopole
antenna, a planar inverted-F (PIFA) structure, an inverted-F (IFA) structure or a
microstrip structure.
17. A handheld terminal, such as a cellular telephone, a cord-less telephone, a PDA, an
electronic pager, an electronic game, or a remote control, characterized in that it includes, integrated in said terminal, an antenna according to any of the preceding
claims.