METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FRAME DETECTION AND POLARIZATION SEPARATION

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates generally to optical communications, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for frame detection and polarization separation.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Current optical communication systems may be classified into two detection types: direct detection and coherent detection. In a direct detection system, data may be modulated using either the magnitude or the phase of the optical signal. In a coherent detection system which for example disclosed in WO 2007/045072 A1, data may be modulated using both the magnitude and the phase of the signal, thus allowing greater data transmission rates. As the demand for higher transmission rates increases, data streams may also be modulated using multiple polarizations of optical signals. However, as the optical signals pass through optical links, they may be subject to distortion caused by chromatic dispersion, polarization dependent impairment, noise, and other factors. Such distortion may affect the reception of the polarized optical signals and may increase the difficulty in distinguishing between the different polarized optical signals.

[0003] US 2009/0060101 A1 discloses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver allowing an efficient carrier frequency offset estimation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] In one embodiment, the disclosure includes an optical receiver comprising a frame detector configured to receive a polarized signal comprising a first bit stream and a second bit stream, and further configured to identify a plurality of frames in the first bit stream and the second bit stream using a composite header, and a time-domain equalizer (TDEQ) configured to separate the first bit stream and the second bit stream using a portion of the composite header. The composite header comprises a post-amble corresponding to a first frame in the frames and being located at the end of the first frame; and a pre-amble and a header corresponding to a second frame in the frames that is subsequent to the first frame, wherein the TDEQ uses the header to separate a frame that corresponds to the first bit stream from a frame that corresponds to the second bit stream.

[0005] In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprising receiving a signal comprising a first polarized optical signal and a second polarized optical signal; obtaining a composite header, the composite header comprises a post-amble, a pre-amble, and a header from the signal; detecting a first frame in the first polarized optical signal and a second frame in the second polarized optical signal using the post-amble, the pre-amble, and the header; and separating the first frame from the second frame using the header; wherein the post-amble of the composite header corresponds to the first frame in the frames and is located at the end of the first frame; and the pre-amble and header correspond to the second frame in the frames that is subsequent to the first frame.

[0006] These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an optical receiver.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a framing scheme.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a composite header framing method.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a frame detection and polarization separation method.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of two bit streams.

FIG. 6 is a chart of an embodiment of an auto-correlation of a signal.

FIG. 7 is a chart of an embodiment of a cross-correlation of two signals.

FIG. 8 is a chart of another embodiment of an auto-correlation of a signal.

FIG. 9 is a chart of another embodiment of a cross-correlation of two signals.

FIG. 10 is a chart of another embodiment of an auto-correlation of a signal.

FIG. 11 is a chart of another embodiment of a cross-correlation of two signals.

FIG. 12 is a chart of another embodiment of an auto-correlation of a signal.

FIG. 13 is a chart of another embodiment of an auto-correlation of a signal.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a general purpose computer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0008] It should be understood at the outset that although an illustrative implementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, the disclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.

[0009] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for frame detection and polarization separation for polarized signals. The frame detection may be accomplished using a composite header in the signals, which may have a desirable auto-correlation property. The polarization separation may be accomplished using a portion of a first composite header for the first polarized signal and a portion of a second composite header for the second polarized signal. The first composite header may comprise a first post-amble (e.g. from a first previous frame), and a first pre-amble and a first header (e.g. from a first subsequent frame). Similarly, the second composite header may comprise a second post-amble (e.g. from a second previous frame), and a second pre-amble and a second header (e.g. from a second subsequent frame). The first header and the second header may comprise different bit sequences, which may have a substantially distinguishable and detectable cross-correlation function that allows polarization separation to be achieved. Additionally, the post-amble, pre-amble, and header for each polarized signal may comprise bit sequences that may have a substantially distinguishable and detectable auto-correlation function that allows frame detection to be achieved. To enable frame detection and polarization separation, the frames may be transmitted without overlapping each other, e.g. in time.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of an optical receiver 100. The optical receiver 100 may comprise a plurality of analog to digital converters (ADC) 110, 112, 114, 116, a first frequency domain equalizer (FDEQ) 120 and a second FDEQ 122, a frame detector 130, a demultiplexer 140, at least one time domain equalizer (TDEQ) 150, at least one demapper 160, and a multiplexer 170, which may be arranged as shown in FIG. 1. Specifically, each of the first FDEQ 120 and the second FDEQ 122 may be coupled to some of the ADCs 110, 112, 114, 116, and to the demultiplexer 140. For example, the first FDEQ 120 may be coupled to the ADCs 110, 122, and the second FDEQ may be coupled to the ADCs 114, 116. Additionally, the frame detector 130 may be coupled to the first FDEQ 120, the second FDEQ 122, and the demultiplexer 140. Each TDEQ 150 may be coupled to the demultiplexer 140 and to a corresponding demapper 160, which may be coupled to the multiplexer 170.

[0011] The optical receiver 100 may be any device that is configured to receive a first polarized signal and a second polarized signal, which may be orthogonally polarized. For example, the first signal may be an x-polarized signal and the second signal may be a y-polarized signal. Each polarized signal may comprise a quadrature (Q) component and an in-phase (I) component. Each component of the polarized signals may be received at one of the ADC 110, 112, 114, 116. For example, the ADC 110 may receive the I component of the first polarized signal, the ADC 112 may receive the Q component of the first polarized signal, the ADC 114 may receive the I component of the second polarized signal, and the ADC 116 may receive the Q component of the second signal. The ADCs 110, 112, 114, 116 may convert the received signals from an analog to a digital signal format.

[0012] The first FDEQ 120 and second FDEQ 122 may be any device that is configured to receive the signal components from the ADCs 110, 112, 114, 116 and perform signal conditioning, e.g. to compensate for chromatic dispersion or other signal distortions in the signal components. The first FDEQ 120 and the second FDEQ 122 may then send the signal components to the frame detector 130 and/or the demultiplexer 140. The demultiplexer 140 may be any device that is configured to split the received signal components into parallel bit steams. Splitting the received signal components into parallel bit streams may reduce the required sample rate at the TDEQ 150. The quantity of parallel bit streams may determine the sample rate at each TDEQ 150. The optical receiver 100 may comprise any number of TDEQs 150 to achieve a desired sample rate at the TDEQs 150. For example, if the optical receiver 100 comprises about two TDEQs 150, the sample rate at the first FDEQ 120 and the second FDEQ 122 may be reduced by about a factor of two at each of the TDEQs 150. Further, the frame detector 130 may be any device that is configured to control the demultiplexer 140, and thus determine the output of the demultiplexer 140. The frame detector 130 may use various techniques to detect the frames, e.g. based on input from the first FDEQ 120 and the second FDEQ 122, as discussed in detail below.

[0013] The TDEQ 150 may be any device that is configured to receive frames from the output of the demultiplexer 140 and process the frames using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The FIR tap weights may be adjusted to separate the frames of the different polarized signals received from the demultiplexer 140. The tap weights may be varied to adapt to a level of inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the optical signals. For instance, the TDEQ 150 may be an adaptive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) TDEQ coupled to a carrier recovery (CR) loop and a slicer. The CR loop may be configured to compensate for any frequency and/or phase differences between the received signals and a local oscillator, which may improve signal demodulation. The slicer may make a decision, e.g. based upon a magnitude of a received signal in a given time frame, as to whether the value of the signal is a digital high or a digital low value.

[0014] The demapper 160 may be any device that is configured to receive the signal (e.g. frames) from the output of the TDEQ 150 and convert the received signal into a bit sequence, which may then be sent to the multiplexer 170. The multiplexer 170 may be any device that is configured to combine the bit sequences, e.g. from the plurality of TDEQs 150 and demappers 160, to provide about two output bit streams that correspond to the two optical signals received at the ADCs 110, 112, 114, 116.

[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a framing scheme 200 that may be used in an optical receiver. The framing scheme 200 may comprise a demultiplexer 210 and a framer 220, which may be substantially similar to the frame detector 130 and the demultiplexer 140, respectively. The framer 220 may provide an input to the demultiplexer 210 to train the demultiplexer 210 for framing a received signal (not shown). The demultiplexer 210 may receive the signal as input and output a plurality of frames 230, 232, 234, which may be based on the input from the framer 220. The frames 230, 232, 234 may comprise a pre-amble 240, a header 250, a plurality of data blocks 260, 262, 264, and a post-amble 270. The format of the pre-amble 240, header 250, and post-amble 270 may be substantially similar in the frames 230, 232, 234. The pre-amble 240, header 250, and post-amble 270 may be used to identify which polarized signal, e.g. x-polarized or y-polarized signal, to which the frames 230, 232, 234 belong. The data blocks 260, 262, 264 may comprise payload data in the frames 230, 232, 234. The payload data may be voice, video, or other data to be transported in a network. The demultiplexer 210 may be configured to transmit the frames 230, 232, 234 without such that they do not overlap, e.g. in time. Thus, the frames may be received, e.g. by a TDEQ 150, without substantial overlap between the post-amble 270, the pre-amble 240, and the header 250, which may be combined in that sequence to obtain a composite header.

[0016] The post-amble 270 in frame 230, and the pre-amble 240 and header 250 in frame 232 may be combined, e.g. by the TDEQ 150, in that sequence to obtain a composite header. The composite header may be used for frame detection in the receiver 100. Frame detection may be based upon the auto-correlation property of the composite header. The post-amble 270 and the pre-amble 240 may be selected and combined with the header 250 to improve auto-correlation property that may be detected. The combination of the post-amble 270, the pre-amble 240, and the header 250 may comprise a bit sequence that has substantially better auto-correlation function than the bit sequence of the header separately. The receiver may use the composite header, which may comprise the post-amble 270, the pre-amble 240, and the header 250, to achieve frame detection based on the improved auto-correlation property of the composite header, e.g. with respect to the auto-correlation property of the header 250 alone.

[0017] Additionally, the header 250 that may correspond to a first polarized signal (e.g. x-polarized signal) may comprise a bit sequence that may have a desirable cross-correlation property, e.g. with respect to a second polarized signal (e.g. a y-polarized signal). A desirable cross-correlation property between headers that correspond to two different polarized signals may promote efficient and reliable polarization separation in the receiver. As such, the bit sequence in the header 250 may be used to identify and separate the frames that belong to different polarized signals, e.g. an x-polarized signal and a y-polarized signal. Since the sequence of bits in the header 250 may be configured for a desirable cross-correlation property, the header bit sequence may not have a desirable auto-correlation property. Therefore, the receiver may use the composite header which may be configured for desirable auto-correlation, to accomplish frame detection, and subsequently use the header for polarization separation.

[0018] FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a composite header framing method 300. The method 300 begins at block 310, where a first header bit sequence for a first polarized signal and a second header bit sequence for a second polarized signal may be selected. The first header bit sequence and second header bit sequence may be selected to obtain a desirable cross-correlation function between two different polarized signals, e.g. an x-polarized signal and a y-polarized signal. The desirable cross-correlation improves the chance of successful separation between the frames that correspond to the different polarized signals. At block 320, a first pre-amble bit sequence and first post-amble bit sequence may be selected for the first polarized signal and a second pre-amble bit sequence and second post-amble bit sequence may be selected for the second polarized signal. The pre-amble and post-amble bit sequences may be selected to obtain a desirable auto-correlation function of the composite header in each polarized signal. The pre-amble bit sequence and post-amble bit sequence may be selected based upon the header bit sequence selected in step 310 to improve the auto-correlation function of the composite header, e.g. in comparison to the auto-correlation property of the header alone. The desirable auto-correlation function of the composite header may be detected with substantially high probability, which may improve the chance of successful identification and detection of each frame. At block 330, the first pre-amble, first header, and first post-amble may be inserted in a plurality of frames for the first polarized signal, and the second pre-amble, second header, and second post-amble may be inserted in a plurality of frames for the second polarized signal. At block 340, the frames of the first polarized signal and the second polarized signal may be transmitted. Specifically, each frame may be transmitted in sequence without overlapping with a previous frame or a subsequent frame. Consequently the frames may be received such that the pre-amble, header, and post-amble may be detected without substantial overlap.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a frame detection and polarization method. The method 400 may begin at block 410, where a first polarized signal (e.g. a polarized optical signal) and a second polarized signal (e.g. a polarized optical signal) may be received. For example, the first polarized signal and the second polarized signal may be received at the receiver 100. Each signal may comprise a plurality of frames, which may comprise a header and/or composite header that indicates the first optical signal or the second optical signal. At block 420, each frame in the first polarized signal or the second polarized signal may be detected. Specifically, each frame in the sequence of frames may be detected and identified by detecting the auto-correlation function that corresponds to the bit sequence in the composite header, e.g. which may be obtained from a frame or from two consecutive frames. The auto-correlation function of the composite header may be detected by the frame detector 130. For example, the detected auto-correlation function may correspond to a combination of a post-amble at the end of a first frame in the sequence, and a pre-amble and header at the beginning of a second frame that succeeds the first frame in the sequence. At block 430, the frames that correspond to the first polarized signal may be separated from the frames that correspond to the second polarized signal. Specifically, the header in the composite header of each frame may be used to identify which polarized signal the frame belongs to, e.g. an x-polarized signal or a y-polarized signal. The frames that correspond to two different polarizations may be separated by using the cross-correlation of the bit sequences in the header of the frame. The separated frames may then be associated with their corresponding polarized signal for subsequent processing.

[0020] FIG. 5 is a diagram of two polarized signals 500. The polarized signals 500 may comprise an x-polarized signal and a y-polarized signal. The x-polarized signal may comprise a plurality of frames 590a and 590b, and the y-polarized signal may comprise a plurality of frames 595a and 595b. While only two frames are illustrated in each of the x- and y-polarization signals, it will be appreciated that these signal can contain any number of frames. The frame 590a may comprise a first pre-amble 510a (pre-amble-x), a first header 520a (header-x), a first data 530a (data-x), and a first post-amble 540a (post-amble-x). The frame 590b may comprise a first pre-amble 510b (pre-amble-x), a first header 520b (header-x), a first data 530b (data-x), and a first post-amble 540b (post-amble-x). Thus, the first composite header may comprise the first post-amble 540a, the first pre-amble 510b, and the first header 520b. Similarly, the frame 595a in the y-polarized signal may comprise a second pre-amble 550a (pre-amble-y), a second header 560a (header-y), a second data 570a (data-y), and a second post-amble 580a (post-amble-y). The frame 595b in the y-polarized signal may comprise a second pre-amble 550b (pre-amble-y), a second header 560b (header-y), a second data 570b (data-y), and a second post-amble 580b (post-amble-y). Thus, the second composite header may comprise the second post-amble 580a, the second pre-amble 550b, and the second header 560b. The first data 530 and second data 570 may comprise similar payload to provide signal redundancy or different payload to provide increased payload capacity.

[0021] The bit sequences of the first header 520 and second header 560 may have substantially distinguishable and detectable cross-correlation to achieve improved polarization separation in the two signals. The tap weights for the TDEQ in the receiver may be adjusted based on the bit sequences of first header 520 and second header 560 to improve polarization separation. Specifically, the first header 520 or second header 560 may be processed and used for polarization separation without first pre-amble 510, first post-amble 540, second pre-amble 550, and second post-amble 580.

[0022] The x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may each comprise a real component and an imaginary component. The real component may correspond to an in-phase (I) component, and the imaginary component may correspond to a quadrature (Q) component. An auto-correlation function for each of the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may be used for frame detection of each of the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal, respectively. The auto-correlation function each of the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may be a complex function of the I and Q components of each of the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal, respectively. Thus, similar to the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal, the auto-correlation function may be a complex function comprising a real component (real(autocorrelation)) and an imaginary component. Additionally, an absolute auto-correlation (abs(autocorrelation)) function may be obtained based on the real component and the imaginary component of the auto-correlation function.

[0023] A cross-correlation function for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may be used for polarization separation. The cross-correlation function may be a complex function of the I and Q components of both the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. Thus, similar to the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal, the cross-correlation function may be a complex function comprising a real component (real(crosscorr(x,y))) and an imaginary component. Additionally, an absolute cross-correlation (abs(crosscorr(x,y))) function may be obtained based on the real component and the imaginary component of the cross-correlation function.

[0024] In some cases, the bit sequences for the header in the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may be single complex tones, which may have a positive and a negative frequency component, e.g. in a Fourier domain. For example, the bit sequences for the header in the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may comprise:

I (x-pol):	100110011001
Q (x-pol):	110011001100
I (y-pol):	100110011001
Q (y-pol):	001100110011

which may be referred to herein as sequence A.

[0025] FIG. 6 is a graph of an auto-correlation of the bit sequences for the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal comprising sequence A. The real components 600 of the auto-correlation functions (real(autocorrelation)) are shown for the x-polarized (X-pol) signal and the y-polarized (Y-pol) signal. The absolute values 610 of the auto-correlation functions (abs(autocorrelation)) are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 610 for each of the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may comprise a substantially high value, e.g. equal to about one, at a time (or time lag) equal to about zero. However, the absolute values 610 may then decrease gradually as the time lag increases. Such auto-correlation pattern makes the detection of the position of peak value less reliable. Hence, sequence A may not be desirable for frame detection. A desirable auto-correlation function may comprise a distinguishable peak, e.g. where the absolute values 610 of the auto-correlation function may comprise a substantially high value, e.g. at a lag of about zero, and substantially low values elsewhere.

[0026] FIG. 7 is a graph of a cross-correlation of the sequence A. The real components 700 of the cross-correlation function (real(crosscorr(x,y))) are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 710 of the cross-correlation function (abs(crosscorr(x,y))) are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute value 710 may comprise a sequence of substantially low values, e.g. equal to about 0.1 or about zero. Such cross-correlation property, which may comprise a range of substantially low values, enhance the chance of success of polarization separation through TDEQ training. Thus, the cross-correlation property of sequence A may be advantageous for polarization separation.

[0027] In other cases, the bit sequences in the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may be pilot tones, which may comprise a plurality of frequency components. For example, the bit sequences for the header for the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may comprise:

I (x-pol):	100111000011
Q (x-pol):	110011110000
I (y-pol):	100111000011
Q (y-pol):	001100001111

which may be referred to herein as sequence B.

[0028] FIG. 8 is a graph of an auto-correlation of the sequence B. The real components 800 of the auto-correlation functions are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 810 of the auto-correlation functions are also shown for the x-polarized signal and of the y-polarized signal. Similar to the absolute values 610 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence A, the absolute values 810 of the auto-correlation functions for each of the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may comprise a substantially high value, e.g. equal to about one, at a time lag equal to about zero and a plurality of decreasing values as the time lag increases. Since such a pattern or sequence of values may not comprise a distinguishable peak, sequence B may not be desirable for frame detection.

[0029] FIG. 9 is a graph of a cross-correlation of the sequence B. The real components 900 of the cross-correlation function are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 910 of the cross-correlation function are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. Similar to the absolute values 710 of the cross-correlation function of sequence A, the absolute values 910 of the cross-correlation function of sequence B may comprise a sequence of substantially low values, e.g. equal to about 0.1 or about 0.15. Since the absolute values 910 may be greater than the absolute values 710, the range of absolute values 910 may be further from zero and thus detected with less reliability than the range of absolute values 710. Hence, the cross-correlation property of sequence B may be less advantageous than sequence A for polarization separation.

[0030] In other cases, the bit sequences in the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal may correspond to a 13-bit Barker sequence. The bits for x-polarization are mapped to points in the first and third quadrants, whereas the bits for y-polarization are mapped to points in the second and fourth quadrants. For example, the bit sequences for the header for the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may comprise:

I (x-pol):	1111100110101
Q (x-pol):	1111100110101
I (y-pol):	1010110011111
Q (y-pol):	0101001100000

which may be referred to herein as sequence C.

[0031] FIG. 10 is a graph of an auto-correlation of the sequence C. The real components 1000 of the auto-correlation functions are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 1010 of the auto-correlation functions are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. Unlike the absolute values 610 and the absolute values 810 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence A and sequence B, respectively, the absolute values 1010 of the cross-correlation functions of sequence C may comprise a substantially high value, e.g. equal to about one, at a time lag equal to about zero and a plurality of substantially low values elsewhere, which may define a distinguishable peak at about zero time lag. Thus, the auto-correlation property of sequence C may be advantageous for frame detection.

[0032] FIG. 11 is a graph of a cross-correlation of the sequence C. The real components 1100 of the cross-correlation function are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 1110 of the cross-correlation function are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. Unlike the absolute values 710 and the absolute values 910 of the cross-correlation function of sequence A and sequence B, respectively, the absolute values 1110 of the cross-correlation function of sequence C may comprise a sequence of values, e.g. equal to about 0.2, about 0.3, or about 0.4, which may be greater than the absolute values 710 and the absolute values 910 of the cross-correlation function of sequence A and sequence B, respectively. The relatively larger cross-correlation of sequence C makes it less advantageous than sequence A and sequence B for polarization separation.

[0033] A composite header may comprise a header, a post-amble, and a pre-amble. In an embodiment, a header bit sequence that corresponds to the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal may be a single complex tone or a pilot tone. As such, the header may comprise about 12 bits, which may be similar to sequence A or sequence B. Such a header may have a desirable cross-correlation property that may be used for polarization separation as shown above. Subsequent to selecting a header bit-sequence, the post-amble bit sequence and the pre-amble bit sequence in the composite header may be selected to enable frame detection using the composite header. Frame detection may be achieved by selecting a composite header with a desirable auto-correlation function.

[0034] Each of the pre-amble bit sequence and post-amble bit-sequence may comprise about two bits. Hence, the composite header may comprise about 16 bits. There may be about four valid pairs of bit sequences that may be used for the pre-amble and post-amble, such as (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1). The post-amble bit sequence and the pre-amble bit sequence may be selected to improve the auto-correlation property of the composite header, e.g. to obtain a distinguishable absolute value peak in the auto-correlation function. For example, the post-amble bit sequence and the pre-amble bit sequence may be selected such that at time equal zero, the auto-correlation function may be maximized; at all other times, the maximum value of the auto-correlation function may be minimized, such that the following equation is satisfied:

[0035] In an embodiment, if the header bit sequences comprise sequence A for the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal, the composite header bit sequences may comprise:

I (x-pol):	0010100110011001
Q (x-pol):	0111110011001100
I (y-pol):	0010100110011001
Q (y-pol):	1000001100110011

which may be referred to herein as sequence D.

[0036] FIG. 12 is a graph of an auto-correlation of the sequence D. The real components 1200 of the auto-correlation functions are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 1210 of the auto-correlation functions are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. In comparison to the absolute values 610 and the absolute values 810 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence A and sequence B, respectively, the absolute values 1210 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence D may comprise a substantially high value, e.g. equal to about one, at a time lag equal to about zero and a plurality of lower values elsewhere, which may define a distinguishable peak at about zero time lag. Thus, the auto-correlation property of sequence D may be advantageous for frame detection.

[0037] Alternatively, if the header bit sequences comprise sequence B for the x-polarized signal and y-polarized signal, the composite header bit sequences may comprise:

I (x-pol):	1000100111000011
Q (x-pol):	1011110011110000
I (y-pol):	1000100111000011
Q (y-pol):	1110001100001111

which may be referred to herein as sequence E.

[0038] FIG. 13 is a graph of an auto-correlation of the sequence E. The real components 1300 of the auto-correlation functions are shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. The absolute values 1310 of the auto-correlation functions are also shown for the x-polarized signal and the y-polarized signal. Similar to the absolute values 1210 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence D, the absolute values 1310 of the auto-correlation functions of sequence E may also comprise a substantially high value, e.g. equal to about one, at a time lag equal to about zero and a plurality of lower values elsewhere, which may define a distinguishable peak at about zero time lag. Thus, the auto-correlation property of sequence E may also be used for frame detection.

[0039] The network components described above may be implemented on any general-purpose network component, such as a computer or network component with sufficient processing power, memory resources, and network throughput capability to handle the necessary workload placed upon it. FIG. 14 illustrates a typical, general-purpose network component 1400 suitable for implementing one or more embodiments of the components disclosed herein. The network component 1400 includes a processor 1402 (which may be referred to as a central processor unit or CPU) that is in communication with memory devices including secondary storage 1404, read only memory (ROM) 1406, random access memory (RAM) 1408, input/output (I/O) devices 1410, and network connectivity devices 1412. The processor 1402 may be implemented as one or more CPU chips, or may be part of one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

[0040] The secondary storage 1404 is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM 1408 is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage 1404 may be used to store programs that are loaded into RAM 1408 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 1406 is used to store instructions and perhaps data that are read during program execution. ROM 1406 is a non-volatile memory device that typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage 1404. The RAM 1408 is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM 1406 and RAM 1408 is typically faster than to secondary storage 1404.

[0041] At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations, and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of the embodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of the embodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure. Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such express ranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative ranges or limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated ranges or limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.; greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, R₁, and an upper limit, R_u, is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range are specifically disclosed: R = R₁ + k * (R_u - R₁), wherein k is a variable ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, ..., 50 percent, 51 percent, 52 percent, ..., 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed. Use of the term "optionally" with respect to any element of a claim means that the element is required, or alternatively, the element is not required, both alternatives being within the scope of the claim. Use of broader terms such as comprises, includes, and having should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentially of, and comprised substantially of. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is defined by the claims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) of the present disclosure. The discussion of a reference in the disclosure is not an admission that it is prior art, especially any reference that has a publication date after the priority date of this application. The disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited in the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extent that they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementary to the disclosure.

[0042] While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

[0043] In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.

Claims

1. An optical receiver (100) comprising:

a frame detector (130) configured to receive a polarized signal comprising a first bit stream and a second bit stream, and further configured to identify a plurality of frames in the first bit stream and the second bit stream using a composite header; and

a time-domain equalizer, TDEQ, (150) configured to separate the first bit stream and the second bit stream using a portion of the composite header;

wherein the composite header comprises:

a post-amble corresponding to a first frame in the frames and being located at the end of the first frame; and

a pre-amble and a header corresponding to a second frame in the frames that is subsequent to the first frame,

wherein the TDEQ (150) uses the header to separate a frame that corresponds to the first bit stream from a frame that corresponds to the second bit stream.

2. The optical receiver of claim 1, wherein the first frame and the second frame do not overlap.

3. The optical receiver of claim 1, wherein the composite header comprises about 16 bits, the header comprises about 12 bits, and each one of the pre-amble and post-amble comprises about two bits.

4. The optical receiver of any claim of claims 1-3, wherein the TDEQ (150) is further configured to compensate for pre-cursor inter-symbol interference, ISI, using a finite impulse response, FIR, tap length based on a size of the post-amble and compensate for post-cursor ISI using a FIR tap length based on a size of the pre-amble.

5. The optical receiver of any claim of claims 1-4, further comprising:

a first analog to digital converter, ADC, (110) and a second ADC (112);

a first frequency domain equalizer, FDEQ, (120) coupled to the first ADC (110), the second ADC (112), and the frame detector (130);

a third ADC (114) and a fourth ADC (116);

a second FDEQ (122) coupled to the third ADC (114), the fourth ADC (116), and the frame detector (130);

a demultiplexer (140) coupled to the frame detector (130), the first FDEQ (120), the second FDEQ (122), and the TDEQ (150);

a demapper (160) coupled to the TDEQ (150); and

a multiplexer (170) coupled to the demapper (160).

6. The optical receiver of any claim of claims 1-4, wherein the first bit stream corresponds to an x-polarized optical signal, and wherein the second bit-stream corresponds to a y-polarized optical signal.

7. A method comprising:

receiving (410) a signal comprising a first polarized optical signal and a second polarized optical signal;

obtaining a composite header, the composite header comprises a post-amble, a pre-amble, and a header from the signal;

detecting (420) a first frame in the first polarized optical signal and a second frame in the second polarized optical signal using the post-amble, the pre-amble, and the header; and

separating (430) the first frame from the second frame using the header;

wherein the post-amble of the composite header corresponds to the first frame in the frames and is located at the end of the first frame; and

the pre-amble and header correspond to the second frame in the frames that is subsequent to the first frame.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the header comprises a bit sequence that has a cross-correlation function configured to separate the first frame.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the cross-correlation function comprises a range of substantially zero values versus time.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the bit sequence corresponds to a single complex tone that has a positive frequency component and a negative frequency component.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the bit sequence corresponds to an expanded pilot tone that has a plurality of positive frequency components and a plurality of negative frequency components.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the post-amble, the pre-amble, and the header comprise a bit sequence that has an auto-correlation function configured to detect the first frame and the second frame in the signal.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the improved auto-correlation function comprises a single value of about one and a value of about zero elsewhere.

Ansprüche

1. Optischer Empfänger (100), der Folgendes umfasst:

einen Rahmendetektor (130), der zum Empfangen eines polarisierten Signals, das einen ersten Bitstrom und einen zweiten Bitstrom umfasst, konfiguriert ist und der ferner zum Identifizieren mehrerer Rahmen in dem ersten Bitstrom und in dem zweiten Bitstrom unter Verwendung eines zusammengesetzten Headers konfiguriert ist; und

einen Zeitbereichsentzerrer, TDEQ (Time-Domain Equalizer), (150) der zum Separieren des ersten Bitstroms und des zweiten Bitstroms unter Verwendung eines Teils des zusammengesetzten Headers konfiguriert ist;

wobei der zusammengesetzte Header Folgendes umfasst:

eine Postambel, die einem ersten Rahmen in den Rahmen entspricht und die sich an dem Ende des ersten Rahmens befindet; und

eine Präambel und einen Header, die einem zweiten Rahmen in den Rahmen entsprechen, der auf den ersten Rahmen folgt,

wobei der TDEQ (150) den Header verwendet, um einen Rahmen, der dem ersten Bitstrom entspricht, von einem Rahmen, der dem zweiten Bitstrom entspricht, zu separieren.

2. Optischer Empfänger nach Anspruch 1, wobei der erste Rahmen und der zweite Rahmen nicht überlappen.

3. Optischer Empfänger nach Anspruch 1, wobei der zusammengesetzte Header etwa 16 Bits umfasst, wobei der Header etwa 12 Bits umfasst und wobei sowohl die Präambel als auch die Postambel jeweils etwa zwei Bits umfassen.

4. Optischer Empfänger nach einem der Ansprüche 1-3, wobei der TDEQ (15) ferner zum Kompensieren eines Vorläufer-Symbolübersprechens, ISI (Inter-Symbol-Interferenz), unter Verwendung einer "Tap"-Länge einer endlichen Pulsantwort, FIR (Finite Impulse Response), basierend auf einer Größe der Postambel und zum Kompensieren eines Nachläufer-ISI unter Verwendung einer FIR-"Tap"-Länge basierend auf einer Größe der Präambel konfiguriert ist.

5. Optischer Empfänger nach einem der Ansprüche 1-4, der ferner Folgendes umfasst:

einen ersten Analog-Digital-Umsetzer, ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), (110) und einen zweiten ADC (112);

einen ersten Frequenzbereichsentzerrer, FDEQ, (120), der mit dem ersten ADC (110), dem zweiten ADC (112) und dem Rahmendetektor (130) gekoppelt ist;

einen dritten ADC (114) und einen vierten ADC (116);

einen zweiten FDEQ (122), der mit dem dritten ADC (114,), dem vierten ADC (116) und dem Rahmendetektor (130) gekoppelt ist;

einen Demultiplexer (140), der mit dem Rahmendetektor (130), dem ersten FDEQ (120), dem zweiten FDEQ (122) und dem TDEQ (150) gekoppelt ist;

einen "Demapper" (160), der mit dem TDEQ (150) gekoppelt ist; und

einen Multiplexer (170), der mit dem "Demapper" (160) gekoppelt ist.

6. Optischer Empfänger nach einem der Ansprüche 1-4, wobei der erste Bitstrom einem x-polarisierten optischen Signal entspricht und wobei der zweite Bitstrom einem y-polarisierten optischen Signal entspricht.

7. Verfahren, das Folgendes umfasst:

Empfangen (410) eines Signals, das ein erstes polarisiertes optisches Signal und ein zweites polarisiertes optisches Signal umfasst;

Erhalten eines zusammengesetzten Headers von dem Signal, wobei der zusammengesetzte Header eine Postambel, eine Präambel und einen Header umfasst;

Detektieren (420) eines ersten Rahmens in dem ersten polarisierten optischen Signal und eines zweiten Rahmens in dem zweiten polarisierten optischen Signal unter Verwendung der Postambel, der Präambel und des Headers; und

Separieren (430) des ersten Rahmens von dem zweiten Rahmen unter Verwendung des Headers;

wobei die Postambel des zusammengesetzten Headers dem ersten Rahmen in den Rahmen entspricht und sich an dem Ende des ersten Rahmens befindet; und

wobei die Präambel und der Header dem zweiten Rahmen in den Rahmen, der auf den ersten Rahmen folgt, entsprechen.

8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, wobei der Header eine Bitabfolge umfasst, die eine Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion umfasst, die zum Separieren des ersten Rahmens konfiguriert ist.

9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion einen Bereich von Werten, die im Wesentlichen null sind, gegen eine Zeit umfasst.

10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Bitabfolge einem einzigen komplexen Ton entspricht, der eine positive Frequenzkomponente und eine negative Frequenzkomponente aufweist.

11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Bitabfolge einem erweiterten Pilotton entspricht, der mehrere positive Frequenzkomponenten und mehrere negative Frequenzkomponenten aufweist.

12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Postambel, die Präambel und der Header eine Bitabfolge umfassen, die eine Autokorrelationsfunktion umfasst, die zum Detektieren des ersten Rahmens und des zweiten Rahmens in dem Signal konfiguriert ist.

13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, wobei die verbesserte Autokorrelationsfunktion einen einzigen Wert von etwa eins und anderswo einen Wert von etwa null umfasst.

Revendications

1. Récepteur optique (100) comprenant :

- un détecteur de trame (130) conçu pour recevoir un signal polarisé comprenant un premier flux de bits et un second flux de bits, et conçu en outre pour identifier plusieurs trames du premier flux de bits et du second flux de bits en utilisant un en-tête composite ; et

- un égaliseur de domaine temporel TDEQ (150) conçu pour séparer le premier flux de bits et le second flux de bits en utilisant une partie de l'en-tête composite ;

dans lequel l'en-tête composite comprend :

- un postambule correspondant à une première trame parmi les trames et situé à la fin de la première trame ; et

- un préambule et, un en-tête correspondant à une seconde trame parmi les trames qui suit la première trame ;

- dans lequel le TDEQ (150) utilise l'en-tête pour séparer une trame qui correspond au premier flux de bits d'une trame qui correspond au second flux de bits.

2. Récepteur optique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la première trame et la seconde trame ne se chevauchent pas.

3. Récepteur optique selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'en-tête composite comprend environ 16 bits, l'en-tête comprend environ 12 bits, et chacun du préambule et du postambule comprend environ 2 bits.

4. Récepteur optique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel le TDEQ (150) est en outre conçu pour compenser une interférence inter-symbole ISI de précurseur en utilisant une longueur de pondération de réponse par impulsion finie FIR en fonction d'une taille du postambule et compenser une ISI de post-curseur en utilisant une longueur de pondération FIR en fonction d'une taille du préambule.

5. Récepteur optique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, comprenant en outre :

- un premier convertisseur analogique-numérique CAN (110) et un second CAN (112) ;

- un premier égaliseur de domaine de fréquence FDEQ (120) couplé au premier CAN (110), au second CAN (112) et au détecteur de trame (130);

- un troisième CAN (114) et un quatrième CAN (116) ;

- un second FDEQ (122) couplé au troisième CAN (114), au quatrième CAN (116) et au détecteur de trame (130) ;

- un démultiplexeur (140) couplé au détecteur de trame (130), au premier CAN FDEQ (120), au second FDEQ (122) et au TDEQ (150);

- un démappeur (160) couplé au TDEQ (150) ; et

- un multiplexeur (170) couplé au démappeur (160).

6. Récepteur optique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel le premier flux de bits correspond à un signal optique polarisé x, et dans lequel le second flux de bits correspond à un signal optique polarisé y.

7. Procédé consistant à :

- recevoir (410) un signal comprenant un premier signal optique polarisé et un second signal optique polarisé ;

- obtenir un en-tête composite, lequel en-tête composite comprend un postambule, un préambule et un en-tête du signal ;

- détecter (420) une première trame dans le premier signal optique polarisé et une seconde trame dans le second signal optique polarisé en utilisant le postambule, le préambule et l'en-tête ; et

- séparer (430) la première trame de la seconde trame en utilisant l'en-tête ;

dans lequel le postambule de l'en-tête composite correspond à une première trame parmi les trames et est situé à la fin de la première trame ; et
le préambule et l'en-tête correspondent à la seconde trame parmi les trames qui est située à la fin de la première trame.

8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, dans lequel l'en-tête comprend une séquence de bits qui a une fonction de corrélation croisée conçue pour séparer la première trame.

9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel la fonction de corrélation croisée comprend une plage de valeurs essentiellement égales à zéro par rapport au temps.

10. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel la séquence de bits correspond à une tonalité complexe unique qui a une composante de fréquence positive et une composante de fréquence négative.

11. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel la séquence de bits correspond à une tonalité de pilote étalée qui comprend plusieurs composantes de fréquence positives et plusieurs composantes de fréquence négatives.

12. Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le postambule, le préambule et l'en-tête comprennent une séquence de bits qui possède une fonction d'autocorrélation conçue pour détecter la première trame et la seconde trame dans le signal.

13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, dans lequel la fonction d'autocorrélation améliorée comprend une valeur unique d'environ un et une valeur d'environ zéro ailleurs.

Drawing