[0001] The invention relates to a method and a system for manufacturing concrete revetment
part-elements, and to a thus manufactured revetment element.
[0002] For the purpose of revetting slopes of embankments, such as dikes, seawalls and the
like, use can be made of concrete paving stones, also referred to as concrete revetment
elements. These revetment elements are placed on the surface (for instance directly
on the slope or on a separate substrate) in a determined relation and protect the
slopes against external influences, for instance against the action of water (for
instance under the influence of the wave action) of a water mass (sea, lake, waterway)
present adjacently of the embankment or excavation.
[0003] Different types of paving stone are applied in practice, such as block-like paving
stones and column-like paving stones. The different types of paving stone are used
to realize different types of revetment, more particularly a closed revetment (also
referred to as closed slope) and an open revetment (also referred to as an open slope).
[0004] It is known to make use of a large number of concrete paving stones, which are placed
in a relation of rows such that the sloping side of the embankment or excavation is
revetted over at least a part of its surface. The relation in which the paving stones
are placed in combination with the type of paving stone can result in the above stated
different types of revetment. The above stated block-like paving stones are used for
the purpose of realizing a closed slope, i.e. an inclining surface where the water
flows substantially only against the upper side (i.e. side directed toward the water).
These paving stones have a cross-section such that they can be placed against each
other substantially without intermediate space. In the case that a water defence is
revetted this means that the water tends not to flow along the sides of the block-like
paving stones, or does so only to a very small extent.
[0005] Use can be made of above stated column-like paving stones or column-like revetment
elements for the purpose of providing an open slope. These column-like revetment elements
are formed such that an intermediate space forms between the revetment elements placed
adjacently of each other. Water can flow via this intermediate space, which can result
in lower overpressure under the revetment elements as a result of water movements.
For the purpose of realizing an open slope use can also be made of a type of revetment
element formed with a relatively wide head part, a relatively narrow neck part and
then again a relatively wide foot part. When the revetment elements are placed adjacently
of each other the neck parts form an intermediate space which forms as it were a laterally
extending channel along which water can flow. The head parts have here a cross-sectional
surface area such that openings are present between the revetment elements. These
openings form a connection to the above stated channel so that water can flow from
the water mass, via the openings and into the channel (or the channels), and this
water can conversely also flow out of the channel again. Water can further flow in
between the foot parts.
[0006] The above stated flowing of water subdues the effects of the water on the revetment,
which has a positive effect on the defensive capacities of the revetment. An example
of such revetment elements is described in the
Netherlands patent NL 2004345. These known revetment elements can be embodied as two half part-elements which are
placed with their flat sides against each other during use so as to form an assembled
revetment element together. Such concrete revetment elements however have the drawback
that they are difficult to produce due to their specific form and dimensions. In practice
this means that the production costs of the revetment elements are high.
[0007] Known from
US 2011/0155308 A1 is a machine for forming a concrete block, wherein a quantity of flexible (compressible)
material is added to the concrete material. The presence of the flexible material
requires a special forming technique. Use is made of a mould on which a press can
be placed. The press is however wider here than the opening in the mould so that the
press rests only on top of the poured concrete and the edges of the mould, without
any significant compressive force being exerted on the concrete. This method is however
not suitable for forming a concrete block of the usual concrete material (without
addition of flexible material), wherein the concrete material has to be compressed
with great compressive force at a determined moment.
[0008] US 5 139 721 A1 describes another machine for producing concrete blocks. This machine is not suitable
for producing specifically formed revetment elements, for instance elements with a
relatively narrow neck part and relatively wide foot and head parts.
US 6 425 751 B1 also describes a machine which is not suitable, or less so, for revetment elements
of such specific form.
[0009] More specifically said document describes a method and system for manufacturing concrete
elements, comprising the placing a concrete arranging unit above a mould resting on
a flat support element and provided with one or more continuous openings, arranging
concrete material in the one or more continuous openings, placing at least one press
on the concrete material in the at least one continuous opening, wherein the press
comprises at least a two first press parts and a second press part between the two
first press parts, pressing the press downward into the opening for the purpose of
causing lateral displacement of concrete material and removing the thus resulting
element from the mould.
[0010] It is an object of the invention to provide an improved method for manufacturing
concrete revetment part-elements, whereby high-quality revetment elements can be realized
at relatively low manufacturing cost.
[0011] According to a first aspect of the invention, this object is achieved with a method
for manufacturing concrete revetment part-elements, in accordance with claim 1.
[0012] In determined embodiments, in which the mould is formed for the purpose of providing
a continuous opening which defines a form with an upper mould part with a cross-section
constant in downward direction and a lower mould part with a cross-section increasing
(i.e. becoming greater) in downward direction, pressing of the press into the opening
comprises of pressing the press through the upper mould part until the lower edge
of the press has reached (the upper side of) the lower mould part.
[0013] When carrying the press along the upper mould part a great pressing or compressive
force is exerted on the concrete material. This pressing or compressive force is sufficiently
great (and significant) for the press to realize the desired specific final form of
the revetment element in one downward movement. This enables a quick and efficient
manufacture of the revetment elements.
[0014] Because it has been found possible during pressing down of the press to displace
the concrete material to sufficient extent from the one position (for instance under
the press part forming a relatively shallow cavity) to the other (for instance under
the press parts forming relatively deep cavities), the concrete material is distributed
so well that the complex form of this revetment element, with a relatively wide foot
and head and a relatively narrow neck, can also be realized. This enables a rapid
series production of a large number of revetment elements at low cost. This displacement
of the concrete material is also possible in embodiments in which the concrete material
to be arranged in the openings is relatively dry, preferably earth-moist. It is even
possible to displace the concrete material over a distance of at least 20%, at least
30% or even at least 40% of the length of the opening (corresponding to the height
of the revetment element to be formed).
[0015] The concrete material can be arranged in the continuous opening as single layer,
although in other embodiments two or more layers of concrete material are arranged
in the openings, for instance a base layer of a first composition and a cover layer
of a second, differing composition. The two layers can consist of concrete mixtures
of different composition. In other embodiments other material can also be applied
in addition to the concrete material.
[0016] In the described method the revetment part-element remains lying on the flat support
plate. This means that each revetment part-element has a flat underside with which
the part-element can be combined into a single revetment element in simple manner,
i.e. by means of placing two part-elements with their flat sides against each other.
[0017] According to the invention the continuous opening defines a form with an upper mould
part and a lower mould part. These mould parts can have the same form and dimensions,
but in determined embodiments the lower mould part takes an at least locally wider
form than the upper mould part. Pressing of the press into the opening is performed
by means of pressing the press through only the upper mould part until the lower edge
of the press has reached the lower mould part. The form of a first part of the revetment
part-element is determined by the form of the press and the form of a second part
of the revetment part-element is determined by the form of the lower mould part. In
other words, the upper part of the revetment part-element acquires the form of the
inner side of the press, the lower part of the revetment part-element acquires the
form of the inner side of the lower mould part and of the flat support element. A
relatively complex form, particularly a form with one or more very wide parts and
one or more very narrow parts, can unexpectedly still be realized in this way with
this relatively simple manufacturing technique.
[0018] The upper mould part can particularly have a cross-section constant in downward direction,
and the lower mould part has a cross-section increasing in downward direction. In
determined embodiments part of the curvature of the revetment element can thus be
realized by the curved inner surface of the press, while the remaining part of the
curvature of the revetment element is realized by the curved inner surface of the
mould.
[0019] In determined embodiments the curvature of the press at the position of the lower
edge is essentially equal to the curvature of the wall of the opening at the position
of the transition between the upper and lower mould part in order to form a good transition
in the formed product.
[0020] In embodiments of the invention the flat support element is held stationary during
pressing of the press along the upper mould part, while the mould itself is displaced
upward while the revetment part-element is removed from the mould. In this way the
raw castings, i.e. the formed part-elements, remain stationary on the plate during
forming and releasing, and the risk of imperfections in the raw casting is small.
[0021] During the upward displacement of the mould the flat support element preferably remains
stationary. The press preferably also remains stationary so that, if the revetment
part-element tends to "stick" to the wall of the opening, the stationary press prevents
the revetment part-element being carried along by the mould during the upward displacement
of the mould. Other embodiments are however also possible, for instance embodiments
wherein the flat support element with the part-elements placed thereon are displaced
downward in order to remove the part-elements from the mould.
[0022] The press has a substantially hollow form. In order to obtain the desired form and
dimensions of the revetment element with the relatively wide head and foot part relative
to the narrow neck part, the depth (d
2) at the position of a shallow portion (cavity) (29) is more than 50% or even more
than 60% smaller than the depth (d
1, d
3) at the position of a deep portion (30, 31). With these differences in depth it is
also possible to allow a sufficient quantity of concrete material to run to the correct
cavities in order to distribute the concrete material substantially uniformly over
the content of the press.
[0023] As already indicated above, the revetment element has a foot part and a head part
with a surface area in cross-section which is much greater (for instance more than
20%) than the cross-section of the neck part (more particularly the minimum value
of the cross-section, usually midway between the head and foot part). When the revetment
elements are further placed in their relation (rows and columns) each head part has
one or more connecting openings between the upper side of the head part and the neck
part. The overall surface area of the connecting openings is preferably at least 5%
of the cross-section of the head part (and preferably a maximum of 20%), more preferably
more than 10% of the cross-section of the head part, in order to ensure a correct
degree of throughflow of water to and from the channel formed by the neck parts.
[0024] During arranging of concrete material in the one or more continuous openings the
mould is and/or the presses are preferably set into vibration for a short time, preferably
for a period of less than 0.5 seconds. This ensures that the quantity of concrete
material to be arranged in the openings is greater than when no vibration takes place,
without the concrete material compacting too much here, which could have the result
that the concrete material can no longer be sufficiently displaced in the opening
in the subsequent processing stage in which the press is pressed into the openings.
During this subsequent processing stage the concrete material can also be set into
vibration once again (main vibration), for instance by means of having the mould and/or
the press vibrate. This main vibration (with a predetermined frequency and duration)
ensures that the concrete material is sufficiently compacted to remove the revetment
part-element from the mould relatively quickly, preferably within a period of time
of several seconds, for instance within 10 seconds, more preferably within 5 seconds
and still more preferably within 2 seconds, wherein the part-element can rest directly
on the surface, for instance the flat support element, in self-supporting manner.
[0025] The mould is provided with at least a first pair of (two) rows of continuous openings.
As such the method comprises:
- simultaneously manufacturing at least one pair of rows of revetment part-elements;
- tilting the revetment part-elements of the first row and of the second row of the
pair of rows of revetment part-elements;
- placing tilted revetment part-elements from the first row and from the second row
with their flat sides against each other.
[0026] The two part-elements placed against each other form a single revetment element.
The method makes it possible to deliver the final product (i.e. the revetment element)
immediately after manufacture of the part-elements, for instance when the part-elements
are still on the flat support element. The revetment element can be transported and
placed at the intended position immediately.
[0027] In a further embodiment at least an adhesive layer is applied between the flat sides
of revetment part-elements, and the part-elements are fixed with the adhesive layer
to each other for the purpose of forming an adhered, for instance a glued, revetment
element. Such a revetment element can be transported in simple manner, and the chance
of displacement of the part-elements relative to each other, for instance under the
influence of the wave action, is reduced in operative state.
[0028] According to a second aspect of the invention a system for manufacturing concrete
revetment part-elements in accordance with claim 9 is provided.
[0029] According to the invention a continuous opening in the mould defines a form comprising
an upper mould part and a lower mould part. The displacing means can be configured
here to displace the press and/or the mould so that the lower edge of the press is
moved along the upper mould part until the lower mould part is reached. When the lower
mould part is reached, the part-element has acquired its desired final form and is
ready for further processing.
[0030] In determined embodiments an upper mould part is formed which has a cross-section
constant in downward direction. A lower mould part can further be formed which has
a cross-section increasing in downward direction. The press preferably connects to
the wall of the upper mould part with the smallest possible gap so that the quantity
of concrete material which can be pressed upward through the gap is small and only
a limited concrete edge is thus visible at the position of the joint on the resulting
concrete surface.
[0031] Provided in determined embodiments are an upper mould part with substantially straight
walls and a lower mould part with hollow walls over at least a part of the surface.
The rounding (curvature) of the hollow walls preferably connects to a corresponding
rounding of the press itself. In determined embodiments the curvature of the press
at the position of the lower edge is more particularly essentially equal to the curvature
of the wall of the opening at the position of the transition between the upper and
lower mould part.
[0032] The part-element can be removed from the mould in different ways. In a determined
embodiment of the invention the displacing means are configured to realize this by
means of displacing the mould itself upward. The flat support element, and preferably
also the press, remain stationary during the upward displacement of the mould.
[0033] According to the invention a press has a substantially hollow form, wherein the depth
at the position of a shallow portion is more than 50% or even more than 60% smaller
than the depth at the position of a deep portion. These differences in depth in combination
with the form of (the lower mould part) of the continuous opening enable manufacture
of a revetment part-element with the desired form.
[0034] In a determined embodiment the system comprises a vibration mechanism for setting
the one or more guides and/or the mould into vibration so that the concrete material
in the mould is compacted until it has reached the desired quality.
[0035] In further embodiments the concrete material comprises earth-moist and/or self-compacting
concrete (SCC) so that the concrete material arranged in the mould requires a very
short or even essentially no drying time in order to provide a revetment element which
can be further processed immediately.
[0036] Further advantages, features and details of the present invention will be elucidated
on the basis of the following description thereof. Reference is made in the description
to the accompanying figures, in which:
Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of a manufacturing system
according to the invention in a first manufacturing stage;
Figures 2-5, 7-9 show the respective views of the embodiment of figure 1 in subsequent
stages of the manufacture;
Figure 6A is a perspective view of a press according to an embodiment of the invention;
Figure 6B is a cross-section through the press of figure 6A;
Figure 10 shows a perspective view in a further stage of manufacture;
Figures 11 and 12 show schematic cross-sections through the mould and a press, respectively
before the press has been pushed into the upper mould part and after the press has
been pushed along the upper mould part.
[0037] The system according to embodiments of the invention is intended for the manufacture
of a revetment element 20 (figure 10) constructed from two revetment part-elements
21 and 22 placed against each other. A revetment element 20 comprises a head part
25, a neck part 26 and a foot part 27. The foot part and a head part have a surface
area in cross-section which is more than 20% greater than the cross-section of the
neck part, so that the neck parts of adjoining elements can realize a water outlet
channel of sufficient capacity. When there is moreover sufficient throughflow area
between the water mass and the water outlet channel via the head parts, for instance
a throughflow area of at least 5% of the cross-section of the head part (and preferably
a maximum of 20%), a correct degree of throughflow of water to and from the channel
formed by the neck parts can be ensured.
[0038] In a first stage of the manufacturing process a row of flat support elements 1 is
supplied on a feed conveyor (not shown). These flat support elements can preferably
consist of a flat wooden board, although other types of material are of course also
possible. A steel mould 2 is placed on top of the flat support element 1, as shown
in figure 2. Steel mould 2 comprises a number of continuous openings 3. Two rows,
each of five continuous openings, are provided in the shown embodiment. It will be
apparent that the number of rows and the number of openings per row can vary in other
embodiments.
[0039] Once mould 2 has been placed on flat support element 1 a quantity of concrete 6 can
be arranged from above (P
1) in each of the continuous openings 3 from the upper side using a concrete arranging
unit 4 (shown schematically in figure 3), more specifically via a number of nozzles
5 thereof. Because mould 2 is arranged on the flat support element 1, concrete 6 will
press partially on the upper side of the flat support element 1 and partially against
the side walls of continuous openings 3 in mould 2. The filling of continuous openings
3 is continued until sufficient concrete has been arranged in the continuous openings.
Figure 4 for instance shows that a quantity of concrete is arranged in the continuous
opening which is such that the upper side of concrete 6 lies substantially flush with
the upper side of mould 2.
[0040] The concrete arranged in the mould is preferably earth-moist concrete. Earth-moist
can for instance be referred to when the concrete is in a relatively dry consistency
class C1. The consistency of 'earth-moist' concrete can be expressed in the 'degree
of compactability' and falls within consistency class C1 (in determined embodiments
the degree of compactability is greater than 1.45 and smaller than 1.26). The consistency
can be determined in accordance with the standard NEN-EN 12350-4 "Testing fresh concrete
- Part 4: Degree of compactability".
[0041] The advantage of applying this relatively dry concrete is that the product can be
removed from the mould immediately or very quickly (i.e. within several seconds) and
can be further processed in lying position. Further processing can mean displacing
the product to a drying space where the product can undergo a first drying. After
having hardened sufficiently, the products can be grasped and tilted, for instance
from the lying to the upright position.
[0042] In respect of the application of earth-moist concrete material, the skilled person
will know that this earth-moist concrete generally cannot be used for manufacturing
products with complex forms in a mould with press. The problem may occur that the
mould is not filled properly and/or that the concrete in the mould has hardened such
that giving it a complex form, for instance a form with a relatively narrow neck part
and a relatively wide head and/or foot part, is no longer readily possible.
[0043] A pretreatment therefore takes place in a preferred embodiment by means of pre-vibrating
the concrete in the mould. This pre-vibration preferably takes place at a relatively
low frequency (characteristically about 50 Hz) and for a short period of time (pretreatment
time characteristically shorter than 1 second, or less than 0.5 seconds or even several
tens of ms). One of the reasons for pre-vibrating the concrete is to ensure that a
sufficient quantity of concrete is arranged in the mould. The pretreatment may however
not last too long so as to prevent the concrete becoming too hard. The pretreatment
time is therefore relatively short.
[0044] In a subsequent stage, as shown in figure 5, a number of presses 8, 8' is displaced
downward from above (direction P
2). The number of presses 8 corresponds to the number of continuous openings 3 in mould
2. A more detailed view of such a press is shown in figure 6.
[0045] In embodiments of the invention use is made of self-compacting concrete material.
Self-compacting concrete is a type of concrete with a high fluidity, which in principle
need not be further compacted after pouring. When applying such a type of concrete,
compaction of the concrete, such as by means of vibrating it, is not necessary, or
at least to lesser extent.
[0046] Figure 6A shows a press 8, for instance consisting of a metal or similar material,
which forms a cavity in which concrete can be received. Figure 6B shows the same press
8 in cross-section, as well as the upper side of support element 1. The press comprises
a first press part 12 for forming a cavity 30 for the head part, a second press part
10 for forming a cavity 29 for the neck part and a press part 11 for forming a cavity
31 for the foot part. Figure 6B shows that the maximum depth d
1 at the position of cavity 30 of the head part and the maximum depth d
3 at the position of cavity 31 for the foot part is greater than the depth d
2 at the position of the neck part. This is of course necessary in order to form the
neck part of the revetment element, since this neck part has a much smaller cross-section
than the head part or the foot part.
[0047] As shown in figure 5, presses 8 and presses 8' are placed with their press parts
29, intended for the respective head parts, toward each other. The reason for this
is that revetment part-elements, once manufactured, are hereby easier to assemble,
as will be explained below. Figure 5 shows that the rows of presses 8, 8' are embodied
such that a single press 8, 8' is associated with each continuous opening 3 in mould
2. The displacing means whereby the presses can be displaced downward (direction P
2) are not shown for the sake of simplicity of the drawing in figure 5. Such constructions
for displacing a number of presses downward and upward and further description thereof
can be dispensed with.
[0048] Figure 7 shows the stage in which each of the presses 8 has come to lie with its
respective lower edge, more particularly the lower edge at the position of the central
cavity, at the height of the upper surface of mould 2. The presses are then pressed
further (direction P
2) so that lower edge of each of the presses 8 shifts along side walls 13 of each of
the continuous openings 3 until the position shown in figure 8 is reached.
[0049] The form and dimensions of each of the presses 8 are adjusted to that of the continuous
opening 3. It is hereby possible for lower edge of a press to shift closely along
wall 13 of continuous opening 3 and it is prevented or at least counteracted that
concrete seeps along an intermediate space or gap between the press and wall 13 of
continuous opening 1. Finally, mould 2 and presses 8, 8' are displaced upward and
the formed part-elements 21, 22 remain resting on support element 1 until the stage
shown in figure 9 is reached.
[0050] Pressing of a press through opening 3 is further shown in figures 11 and 12. Figure
11 is similar to figure 7, in which the press, at least the lower edge thereof, lies
at the height of the upper surface of the mould. When the press is pressed further
downward concrete will be received in the cavities of the press. As shown in figure
11, this means that when the second press part 10 touches the upper side of concrete
6, this portion of the press will push away part of that concrete in lateral directions
(P
3, P
4) in the direction of cavity 30 for the head part and/or cavity 31 for the foot part.
In other words, the pressure of the central part (i.e. the second press part 10) of
the press at the position of cavity 29 will cause concrete to be displaced and to
come to lie in cavities 30, 31 for the purpose of forming respectively the head and
foot part of the part-element.
[0051] Figure 11 shows that continuous opening 3 in mould 2 forms a first mould part 15
and a second mould part 16. In the first mould part 15 the form and dimensions of
continuous opening 3 correspond substantially to those of the press so that the press
slides closely along side wall 13 of continuous opening 3. At the position of the
second, lower mould part 16 lying under the first mould part 15 a recess 17 is arranged
at one or more locations in wall 13. This recess 17 generally has a curved form. The
form is preferably adjusted to that of press 8. This can for instance mean that the
form of the second mould part connects in continuous manner (i.e. essentially in non-stepped
manner) to the form of the press. In a further preferred embodiment the forms of the
press and the second mould part are adjusted to each other such that the resulting
revetment element has no or substantially no ridge at the position of the connection
of the press to the mould part. The curvature of a part of a foot or head part which
is formed in the second mould part can for instance connect directly to the curvature
of the part of the foot or head part formed by the press. In the embodiment shown
in figure 11 the opening close to edge part 18 of press 8 is roughly equal to that
of the first mould part 15. When lower edge of the press has now reached the transition
between the first and second mould parts 15, 16 the displacement of press 8 stops.
Together with the lower mould part 16 press 8 forms the contour of the revetment element
to be manufactured, as shown in figure 12.
[0052] In an embodiment of the invention the concrete 6 in opening 3 is set into vibration
during the downward displacement of press 8. In determined embodiments the (main)
vibration has a higher frequency than the vibrations in the pretreatment. In a specific
embodiment the main vibration has a frequency of about 60 Hz. The duration of the
main vibration is moreover longer than that of the pre-vibration, characteristically
several seconds. During vibration it is ensured that, despite the fact that the concrete
is relatively dry, parts thereof are still displaced to other areas to a sufficient
degree by the force of the press so that the space in the mould, under the press,
can be filled well, also in the case of products with complex form. Compaction of
the concrete further occurs during the vibration so that a product of sufficient cohesion
is realized, can be removed from the mould without problem and can be arranged lying
on a surface.
[0053] Setting into vibration can take place by means of having the press vibrate, having
the mould vibrate or by having both the press and the mould vibrate. Once the stage
shown in figure 12 has been reached and the concrete has hardened sufficiently, characteristically
within several seconds, mould 2 and press 8 can be removed by means of displacing
the two upward until the situation shown in figure 10 is achieved. A number of concrete
revetment elements is now formed on the flat support element 1, this in two rows of
mutually facing revetment elements. This arrangement makes it possible to grasp heads
25, 25' of part-elements 21, 22, lift them and place them against each other, so that
the position shown in figure 10 is reached. In this position the revetment part-elements
21, 22 are combined into revetment elements 20 by means of placing them with their
flat sides against each other. In this situation the revetment elements are ready
for further transport, for instance in direction P
5 in the direction of a transport station.
[0054] The above stated taking up, tilting and placing against each other of the part-elements
can be realized by means of a tilting mechanism (not shown in the figures). More particularly,
the tilting mechanism can be configured to tilt the revetment part-elements of a first
row and the revetment part-elements of a second row and to place tilted revetment
part-elements from the first row and from the second row with their flat sides against
each other for the purpose of forming respective revetment elements.
[0055] In a further embodiment the method comprises of placing a row of revetment elements
(comprising revetment part-elements placed with the flat sides against each other)
on a determined flat support element and then placing a second row of revetment elements
on top of the first row of revetment elements. The first row of revetment elements
can here for instance rest with the foot part on the surface, while the revetment
elements of the second row conversely rest with their head parts on the head parts
of the revetment elements of the first row. Other embodiments are of course also possible,
for instance embodiments in which the foot parts of the revetment elements of the
upper layer rest on the head parts of the revetment elements of the lower layer.
[0056] After being placed on the support surface and after hardening, the revetment elements
of the first row are already so strong that revetment elements can be placed on top
thereof. By increasing (for instance doubling) the capacity of the support surface
the processing and/or transport costs can be further reduced.
[0057] The part-elements can be placed directly against each other. In other embodiments
an adhesive applicator unit is provided for applying at least one adhesive layer consisting
of adhesive (for instance glue) on the flat side of a revetment part-element. Adjoining
part-elements can be glued together in this way. The adhesive applicator unit is preferably
integrated with the tilting mechanism so that the part-elements can be placed upright
and can be glued together in one single treatment.
[0058] Although the connection of lower edge of each of the presses 8 on wall 13 of continuous
opening 3 is close-fitting, it is still possible for some concrete to be pressed upward
between the edge and the wall. This manifests itself in a small upright edge 28 along
the outer surface of each of the revetment elements. The edge is however so small
that it cannot influence the waterside-protecting action of the elements.
[0059] According to the invention press parts 10-12 of the press 8 are embodied such that
the depth at the position of shallow portion 29 for forming the neck part of a revetment
element is more than 50% or sometimes even more than 60% smaller than the depth at
the position of the two deep portions 30, 31. Owing to the described method of pressing
the presses only partially into the mould, and the special forms of the press in combination
with those of the continuous opening, it is surprisingly still possible to manufacture
a good-quality concrete block despite these great differences in depth. The proposed
method is quick and simple and enables production of large numbers of concrete blocks
at relatively low cost.
[0060] The invention is not limited to the embodiments thereof described here. The rights
sought are defined by the following claims, within the scope of which many modifications
can be envisaged.
1. Method for manufacturing concrete revetment part-elements (21, 22), the method comprising
of:
- placing a concrete arranging unit (4) above a mould (2) resting on a flat support
element (1) and provided with one or more continuous openings (3);
- arranging concrete material (6) in the one or more continuous openings (3);
- placing at least one press (8) on the concrete material in the at least one continuous
opening (3), wherein the press comprises two first press parts (11, 12) for forming
respective relatively deep portions (30,31) and a second press part (10) between the
two first press parts (11, 12) for forming a relatively shallow portion (29) of the
part-element (21,22);
- pressing the press (8) downward into the opening for the purpose of causing lateral
displacement (P3,P4) of concrete material from positions under the second press part (10) to positions
under both first press parts (11,12);
- removing the thus resulting revetment part-element (21, 22) from the mould (2),
wherein a continuous opening defines a form with an upper mould part (15) and a lower
mould part (16), wherein pressing of the press (8) into the continuous opening (3)
comprises of pressing the press downward through the upper mould part (15) until a
lower edge of the second press part (10) has reached the lower mould part (16), and
wherein the press (8) has a substantially hollow form, such that when the lower edge
has reached the lower mould part (15) the depth (d1,d3) at the position of a shallow portion (29,31) is more 50% or even more than 60% smaller
than the depth (d2) at the position of a deep portion (30), further comprising of displacing concrete
material in lateral direction (P3,P4) over a distance of at least 20%, at least 30% or even at least 40% of the length
of the opening (3) during displacing of the press (8) until the lower mould part (16)
is reached; wherein the mould is provided with at least a first pair of rows of continuous
openings,
the method further comprising:
- simultaneously manufacturing at least one pair of rows of revetment part-elements;
- tilting revetment part-elements (21) of the first row and revetment part-elements
(22) of the second row;
- placing tilted revetment part-elements from the first row and from the second row
with their flat sides against each other for the purpose of forming respective revetment
elements (20).
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, comprising of placing a row of revetment elements, comprising
revetment part-elements placed with the flat sides against each other, on a flat support
element and then placing a second row of revetment elements on top of the first row
of revetment elements.
3. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, comprising grasping heads (25, 25') of part-elements
(21, 22), lift them and place them against each other, so that the revetment part-elements
(21, 22) are combined into revetment elements (20).
4. Method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein during arranging of concrete
material (6) in the one or more continuous openings (3) the mould is set into vibration,
preferably for a period of less than 0.5 seconds.
5. Method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, comprising of causing vibration
of the press and/or the mould while the press is being pressed through the opening,
further preferably comprising of
- causing vibration with a duration and frequency such that the revetment part-element
(21, 22) can be removed from the mould within a period of time of several seconds;
and
- removing the revetment part-elements from the mould after said period of time by
means of placing them from the mould onto the flat support surface.
6. Method as claimed in any of claims 4-5, wherein the frequency of vibrations while
the press is being pressed through the opening, is higher than the frequency of vibrations
during arranging of concrete material in the continuous opening and/or wherein the
duration of vibrations while the press is being pressed through the opening, is longer
than the duration of vibrations during arranging of concrete material in the continuous
opening.
7. Method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, comprising applying at least an
adhesive layer between the flat sides of revetment part-elements and fixing the revetment
element parts to each other with the adhesive layer for the purpose of forming a revetment
element.
8. Method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the concrete material is
earth-moist concrete material and/or self-compacting concrete material.
9. System for manufacturing concrete revetment part-elements (21,22), the system comprising
of:
- a number of flat support elements (1);
- a conveyor for transporting the flat support elements (1);
- a mould (2) provided with one or more continuous openings (3), wherein a continuous
opening defines a form with an upper mould part (15) and a lower mould part (16);
- a concrete arranging unit (4) to be arranged above the mould (2) resting on a flat
support element (1) and configured to arrange concrete material (6) in the one or
more continuous openings (3);
- one or more presses (8), wherein each of the presses comprises two first press parts
(11,12) for forming respective relatively deep portion (30,31) and a second press
part (10) for forming a relatively shallow portion (29) of the part-element (21,22);
- displacing means for displacing the presses (8) and/or the mould (2), wherein the
displacing means are configured to place at least one press on the concrete material
in the at least one continuous opening (3), to press the press (8) into the opening
through the upper mould part (15) and to thereby cause lateral displacement (P3,P4) of concrete material from positions under the second press part (10) to positions
under the two first press parts (11,12) until a lower edge of the second press part
(10) has reached the lower mould part (16), and to remove the thus resulting revetment
part-element (21) from the mould (2), wherein the press (8) has a substantially hollow
form such that when the lower edge has reached the lower mould part (15) the depth
(d1,d3) at the position of a shallow portion (29) is more than 50% or even more than
60% smaller than the depth at the position of a deep portion (30, 31); and
wherein the concrete material is displaced in lateral direction (P3,P4) over a distance
of at least 20%, at least 30% or even at least 40% of the length of the opening (3)
during displacing of the press (8) until the lower mould part (16) is reached;
- a tilting mechanism configured to tilt the revetment part-elements (21) of a first
row and the revetment part-elements (22) of the second row and to place tilted revetment
part-elements from the first row and from the second row with their flat sides against
each other for the purpose of forming respective revetment elements (20).
10. System as claimed in claim 9, configured to place a row of revetment elements, comprising
revetment part-elements placed with the flat sides against each other, on a flat support
element and then place a second row of revetment elements on top of the first row
of revetment elements.
11. System as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein the tilting mechanism is configured to
grasp heads (25, 25') of part-elements (21, 22), lift them and place them against
each other, so that the revetment part-elements (21, 22) are combined into revetment
elements (20).
12. System as claimed in any of claims 9-11, comprising a vibration mechanism for setting
the one or more presses and/or the mould into vibration, wherein the vibration mechanism
is preferably configured to vibrate the presses and/or mould with a frequency during
pressing the press through the opening (3) that is higher than the frequency during
arranging of concrete material in the continuous opening, wherein the vibration mechanism
is optionally configured to cause the presses and/or mould to vibrate longer during
pressing the press through the opening than during arranging of concrete material
in the continuous opening.
13. System as claimed in any of claims 9-12, wherein the concrete material is earth-moist
concrete material and/or self-compacting concrete material.
14. System as claimed in any of claims 9-13, the system comprising an adhesive applicator
unit for applying at least one adhesive layer on the flat side of a revetment part-element
(21,22).
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Betonverkleidungsteilelementen (21, 22), wobei das Verfahren
aufweist:
- Anordnen einer Betoneinrichtungseinheit (4) oberhalb einer Form (2), die auf einem
flachen Halteelement (1) ruht und mit einer oder mehreren durchgehenden Öffnungen
(3) versehen ist;
- Einrichtung von Betonmaterial (6) in der einen oder den mehreren durchgehenden Öffnungen
(3);
- Anordnen wenigstens einer Presse (8) auf dem Betonmaterial in der wenigstens einen
durchgehenden Öffnung (3), wobei die Presse zwei erste Pressenteile (11, 12) zum Ausbilden
entsprechender relativ tiefer Abschnitte (30, 31) und einen zweiten Pressenteil (10)
zwischen den zwei ersten Pressenteilen (11, 12) zum Ausbilden eines relativ flachen
Abschnittes (29) des Teilelements (21, 22) aufweist;
- Pressen der Presse (8) nach unten in die Öffnung zu dem Zweck, eine seitliche Verschiebung
(P3, P4) von Betonmaterial von Positionen unter dem zweiten Pressenteil (10) zu Positionen
unter beiden ersten Pressenteilen (11, 12) zu bewirken;
- Entfernen des sich auf diese Weise ergebenden Verkleidungsteilelements (21, 22)
aus der Form (2), wobei eine durchgehende Öffnung eine Form mit einem oberen Formteil
(15) und einem unteren Formteil (16) definiert, wobei das Pressen der Presse (8) in
die durchgehende Öffnung das Pressen der Presse nach unten durch den oberen Formteil
(15), bis ein unterer Rand des zweiten Pressenteils (10) den unteren Formteil (16)
erreicht hat, aufweist, und wobei die Presse (8) eine im Wesentlichen hohle Form hat,
so dass, wenn der untere Rand den unteren Formteil (15) erreicht hat, die Tiefe (d1,
d3) an der Position eines flachen Abschnitts (29, 31) mehr als 50% oder sogar mehr
als 60% kleiner als die Tiefe (d2) an der Position eines tiefen Abschnitts (30) ist,
das ferner das Verschieben von Betonmaterial in der seitlichen Richtung (P3, P4) über
eine Strecke von wenigstens 20%, wenigstens 30% oder sogar wenigstens 40% der Länge
der Öffnung (3) während des Verschiebens der Presse (8), bis der untere Formteil (16)
erreicht wird, aufweist; wobei die Form mit wenigstens einem ersten Paar von Reihen
durchgehender Öffnungen versehen ist,
wobei das Verfahren ferner aufweist:
- gleichzeitiges Herstellen wenigstens eines Paars von Reihen von Verkleidungsteilelementen;
- Kippen von Verkleidungsteilelementen (21) der ersten Reihe und von Verkleidungsteilelementen
(22) der zweiten Reihe;
- Gegeneinander-Anordnen gekippter Verkleidungsteilelemente aus der ersten Reihe und
aus der zweiten Reihe mit ihren flachen Seiten zu dem Zweck, entsprechende Verkleidungselemente
(20) auszubilden.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
welches das Anordnen einer Reihe von Verkleidungselementen, die Verkleidungsteilelemente
aufweisen, deren flache Seiten gegeneinander angeordnet sind, auf einem flachen Halteelement
und dann Anordnen einer zweiten Reihe von Verkleidungselementen oben auf der ersten
Reihe von Verkleidungselementen aufweist.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, welches das Greifen von Köpfen (25, 25') von Teilelementen
(21, 22), deren Anheben und Gegeneinander-Anordnen aufweist, so dass die Verkleidungsteilelemente
(21, 22) zu Verkleidungselementen (20) kombiniert werden.
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Form während des Einrichtens
von Betonmaterial (6) in der einen oder den mehreren durchgehenden Öffnungen (3) vorzugsweise
für eine Zeitspanne von weniger als 0,5 Sekunden in Schwingungen versetzt wird.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, das aufweist, Schwingungen der
Presse und/oder der Form zu bewirken, während die Presse durch die Öffnung gepresst
wird, das ferner vorzugsweise aufweist:
- Bewirken von Schwingungen mit einer Dauer und Frequenz, so dass das Verkleidungsteilelement
(21, 22) innerhalb einer Zeitspanne von einigen Sekunden aus der Form entfernt werden
kann; und
- Entfernen der Verkleidungsteilelemente aus der Form nach der genannten Zeitspanne,
indem sie aus der Form auf der flachen Halteoberfläche angeordnet werden.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 - 5, wobei die Schwingungsfrequenz während die
Presse durch die Öffnung gepresst wird, höher als die Schwingungsfrequenz während
des Einrichtens von Betonmaterial in der durchgehenden Öffnung ist, und/oder wobei
die Schwingungsdauer, während die Presse durch die Öffnung gepresst wird, länger als
die Schwingungsdauer während des Einrichtens von Betonmaterial in der durchgehenden
Öffnung ist.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, welches das Auftragen wenigstens
einer Klebstoffschicht zwischen den flachen Seiten von Verkleidungsteilelementen und
das Fixieren der Verkleidungsteilelemente aneinander mit der Klebstoffschicht zu dem
Zweck, ein Verkleidungselement auszubilden, aufweist.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Betonmaterial erdfeuchtes
Betonmaterial und/oder selbstverdichtendes Betonmaterial ist.
9. System zur Herstellung von Verkleidungsteilelementen (21, 22), wobei das System aufweist:
- eine Anzahl flacher Halteelemente (1);
- einen Förderer zum Transportieren der flachen Halteelemente (1);
- eine Form (2), die mit einer oder mehreren durchgehenden Öffnungen (3) versehen
ist, wobei eine durchgehende Öffnung eine Form mit einem oberen Formteil (15) und
einem unteren Formteil (16) definiert;
- eine Betoneinrichtungseinheit (4), die über der Form (2), die auf einem flachen
Halteelement (1) ruht, angeordnet werden soll und konfiguriert ist, um Betonmaterial
(6) in der einen oder den mehreren durchgehenden Öffnungen (3) einzurichten;
- eine oder mehrere Pressen (8), wobei jede der Pressen zwei erste Pressenteile (11,
12) zum Ausbilden entsprechender relativ tiefer Abschnitte (30, 31) und einen zweiten
Pressenteil (10) zum Ausbilden eines relativ flachen Abschnittes (29) des Teilelements
(21, 22) aufweist;
- Verschiebungseinrichtungen zum Verschieben der Pressen (8) und/oder der Form (2),
wobei die Verschiebungseinrichtungen konfiguriert sind, um wenigstens eine Presse
auf dem Betonmaterial in der wenigstens einen durchgehenden Öffnung anzuordnen, um
die Presse (8) durch den oberen Formteil (15) in die Öffnung zu pressen, um dadurch
eine seitliche Verschiebung (P3, P4) von Betonmaterial von Positionen unter dem zweiten
Pressenteil (10) zu Positionen unter beiden ersten Pressenteilen (11, 12) zu bewirken,
bis ein unterer Rand des zweiten Pressenteils (10) den unteren Formteil (16) erreicht
hat, und das sich auf diese Weise ergebende Verkleidungsteilelement (21) aus der Form
(2) zu entfernen, wobei die Presse (8) eine im Wesentlichen hohle Form hat, so dass,
wenn der untere Rand den unteren Formteil (15) erreicht hat, die Tiefe (d1, d3) an
der Position eines flachen Abschnitts (29) mehr als 50% oder sogar mehr als 60% kleiner
als die Tiefe (d2) an der Position eines tiefen Abschnitts (30, 31) ist; und
wobei das Betonmaterial während des Verschiebens der Presse (8), bis der untere Formteil
(16) erreicht wird, in der seitlichen Richtung (P3, P4) über eine Strecke von wenigstens
20%, wenigstens 30% oder sogar wenigstens 40% der Länge der Öffnung (3) verschoben
wird;
- eine Kippmechanismus, der konfiguriert ist, um die Verkleidungsteilelemente (21)
einer ersten Reihe und die Verkleidungsteilelemente (22) der zweiten Reihe zu kippen
und um die gekippten Verkleidungsteilelemente aus der ersten Reihe und aus der zweiten
Reihe mit ihren flachen Seiten zu dem Zweck, entsprechende Verkleidungselemente (20)
auszubilden, gegeneinander anzuordnen.
10. System nach Anspruch 9, das konfiguriert ist, um eine Reihe von Verkleidungselementen,
die Verkleidungsteilelemente aufweisen, deren flache Seiten gegeneinander angeordnet
sind, auf einem flachen Halteelement anzuordnen und dann eine zweite Reihe von Verkleidungselementen
oben auf der ersten Reihe von Verkleidungselementen anzuordnen.
11. System nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, wobei der Kippmechanismus konfiguriert ist, um Köpfe
(25, 25') von Teilelementen (21, 22) zu greifen, sie anzuheben und gegeneinander anzuordnen,
so dass die Verkleidungsteilelemente (21, 22) zu Verkleidungselementen (20) kombiniert
werden.
12. System nach einem der Ansprüche 9 - 11, das einen Schwingungsmechanismus aufweist,
um die eine oder mehreren Pressen und/oder die Form in Schwingungen zu versetzen,
wobei der Schwingungsmechanismus vorzugsweise konfiguriert ist, um die Pressen und/oder
die Form während des Pressens der Presse durch die Öffnung (3) mit einer Frequenz
zu schwingen, die höher als die Frequenz während des Einrichtens von Betonmaterial
in der durchgehenden Öffnung ist, wobei der Schwingungsmechanismus optional konfiguriert
ist, um zu bewirken, dass die Pressen und/oder die Form während des Pressens der Presse
durch die Öffnung länger als während des Einrichtens von Betonmaterial in der durchgehenden
Öffnung schwingen.
13. System nach einem der Ansprüche 9 - 12, wobei das Betonmaterial erdfeuchtes Betonmaterial
und/oder selbstverdichtendes Betonmaterial ist.
14. System nach einem der Ansprüche 9 - 13, wobei das System eine Klebstoffauftrageinheit
zum Auftragen wenigstens einer Klebstoffschicht auf die flache Seite eines Verkleidungsteilelements
(21, 22) aufweist.
1. Procédé de fabrication d'éléments partiels de revêtement (21, 22) en béton, le procédé
comprenant :
- le placement d'une unité d'agencement de béton (4) au-dessus d'un moule (2) reposant
sur un élément de support plat (1) et pourvu d'une ou plusieurs ouvertures continues
(3) ;
- l'agencement d'un matériau en béton (6) dans les une ou plusieurs ouvertures continues
(3) ;
- le placement d'au moins une presse (8) sur le matériau en béton dans l'au moins
une ouverture continue (3), dans lequel la presse comprend deux premières parties
de presse (11, 12) pour former des portions relativement profondes (30, 31) respectives
et une deuxième partie de presse (10) entre les deux premières parties de presse (11,
12) pour former une portion relativement superficielle (29) de l'élément partiel (21,
22) ;
- le pressage de la presse (8) vers le bas dans l'ouverture dans le but de provoquer
un déplacement latéral (P3, P4) de matériau en béton, de positions sous la deuxième partie de presse (10) à des
positions sous les deux premières parties de presse (11, 12) ;
- le retrait de l'élément partiel de revêtement (21, 22) ainsi obtenu du moule (2),
dans lequel une ouverture continue définit une forme avec une partie de moule supérieure
(15) et une partie de moule inférieure (16), dans lequel le pressage de la presse
(8) dans l'ouverture continue (3) comprend le pressage de la presse vers le bas à
travers la partie de moule supérieure (15) jusqu'à ce qu'un bord inférieur de la deuxième
partie de presse (10) ait atteint la partie de moule inférieure (16), et dans lequel
la presse (8) a une forme sensiblement creuse telle que, lorsque le bord inférieur
a atteint la partie de moule inférieure (15), la profondeur (d1, d3) à la position d'une portion superficielle (29, 31) est inférieure de plus de 50
% ou même de plus de 60 % à la profondeur (d2) à la position d'une portion profonde (30), comprenant en outre le déplacement d'un
matériau en béton dans une direction latérale (P3, P4) sur une distance d'au moins 20 %, d'au moins 30 % ou même d'au moins 40 % de la
longueur de l'ouverture (3) pendant le déplacement de la presse (8) jusqu'à ce que
la partie de moule inférieure (16) soit atteinte ; dans lequel le moule est pourvu
d'au moins une première paire de rangées d'ouvertures continues,
le procédé comprenant en outre :
- la fabrication simultanée d'au moins une paire de rangées d'éléments partiels de
revêtement ;
- l'inclinaison des éléments partiels de revêtement (21) de la première rangée et
des éléments partiels de revêtement (22) de la deuxième rangée ;
- le placement des éléments partiels de revêtement inclinés de la première rangée
de la deuxième rangée avec leurs côtés plats les uns contre les autres dans le but
de former des éléments de revêtements (20) respectifs.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant le placement d'une rangée d'éléments
de revêtement, comprenant des éléments partiels de revêtement placés avec les côtés
plats les uns contre les autres, sur un élément de support plat, puis le placement
d'une deuxième rangée d'éléments de revêtement sur le dessus de la première rangée
d'éléments de revêtement.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, comprenant la saisie de têtes (25, 25') d'éléments
partiels (21, 22), leur soulèvement et leur placement les unes contre les autres,
de sorte que les éléments partiels de revêtement (21, 22) soient combinés en éléments
de revêtement (20).
4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel, pendant
l'agencement de matériau en béton (6) dans les une ou plusieurs ouvertures continues
(3), le moule est mis en vibration, de préférence pendant une période de moins de
0,5 seconde.
5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant la provocation
d'une vibration de la presse et/ou du moule pendant que la presse est pressée à travers
l'ouverture, comprenant en outre de préférence
- la provocation d'une vibration avec une durée et une fréquence de sorte que l'élément
partiel de revêtement (21, 22) puisse être retiré du moule dans une période de temps
de plusieurs secondes ; et
- le retrait des éléments partiels de revêtement du moule après ladite période de
temps en les plaçant depuis le moule sur la surface de support plat.
6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 et 5, dans lequel la fréquence
des vibrations pendant que la presse est pressée à travers l'ouverture, est supérieure
à la fréquence des vibrations pendant l'agencement d'un matériau en béton dans l'ouverture
continue et/ou dans lequel la durée des vibrations pendant que la presse est pressée
à travers l'ouverture, est supérieure à la durée des vibrations pendant l'agencement
de matériau en béton dans l'ouverture continue.
7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant l'application
d'au moins une couche adhésive entre les côtés plats d'éléments partiels de revêtement
et la fixation des parties d'élément de revêtement les unes aux autres avec la couche
adhésive dans le but de former un élément de revêtement.
8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le matériau
en béton est un matériau en béton de terre humide et/ou un matériau en béton auto-compactant.
9. Système de fabrication d'éléments partiels de revêtement en béton (21, 22), le système
comprenant :
- un certain nombre d'éléments de support plat (1) ;
- un convoyeur pour transporter les éléments de support plat (1) ;
- un moule (2) pourvu d'une ou plusieurs ouvertures continues (3), dans lequel une
ouverture continue définit une forme avec une partie de moule supérieure (15) et une
partie de moule inférieure (16) ;
- une unité d'agencement de béton (4) devant être agencée au-dessus du moule (2) reposant
sur un élément de support plat (1) et configurée pour agencer un matériau en béton
(6) dans les une ou plusieurs ouvertures continues (3) ;
- une ou plusieurs presses (8), dans lequel chacune des presses comprend deux premières
parties de presse (11, 12) pour former une portion relativement profonde (30, 31)
respective et une deuxième partie de presse (10) pour former une portion relativement
superficielle (29) de l'élément partiel (21, 22) ;
- des moyens de déplacement pour déplacer les presses (8) et/ou le moule (2), dans
lequel les moyens de déplacement sont configurés pour placer au moins une presse sur
le matériau en béton dans l'au moins une ouverture continue (3), pour presser la presse
(8) dans l'ouverture à travers la partie de moule supérieure (15) et pour provoquer
ainsi un déplacement latéral (P3, P4) de matériau en béton, de positions sous la deuxième partie de presse (10) à des
positions sous les deux premières parties de presse (11, 12) jusqu'à ce qu'un bord
inférieur de la deuxième partie de presse (10) ait atteint la partie de moule inférieure
(16), et pour retirer l'élément partiel de revêtement (21) ainsi obtenu du moule (2),
dans lequel la presse (8) a une forme sensiblement creuse telle que, lorsque le bord
inférieur a atteint la partie de moule inférieure (15), la profondeur (d1, d3) à la position d'une portion superficielle (29) est inférieure de plus de 50 % ou
même de plus de 60 % à la profondeur à la position d'une portion profonde (30, 31)
; et
dans lequel le matériau en béton est déplacé dans une direction latérale (P
3, P
4) sur une distance d'au moins 20 %, d'au moins 30 % ou même d'au moins 40 % de la
longueur de l'ouverture (3) pendant le déplacement de la presse (8) jusqu'à ce que
la partie de moule inférieure (16) soit atteinte ;
- un mécanisme d'inclinaison configuré pour incliner les éléments partiels de revêtement
(21) d'une première rangée et les éléments partiels de revêtement (22) de la deuxième
rangée, et pour placer des éléments partiels de revêtement inclinés de la première
rangée et de la deuxième rangée avec leurs côtés plats les uns contre les autres dans
le but de former des éléments de revêtement (20) respectifs.
10. Système selon la revendication 9, configuré pour placer une rangée d'éléments de revêtement,
comprenant des éléments partiels de revêtement placés avec les côtés plats les uns
contre les autres, sur un élément de support plat, puis placer une deuxième rangée
d'éléments de revêtement sur le dessus de la première rangée d'éléments de revêtement.
11. Système selon la revendication 9 ou 10, dans lequel le mécanisme d'inclinaison est
configuré pour saisir des têtes (25, 25') d'éléments partiels (21, 22), les soulever
et les placer les unes contre les autres, de sorte que les éléments partiels de revêtement
(21, 22) soient combinés en éléments de revêtement (20).
12. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 11, comprenant un mécanisme
de vibration pour mettre en vibration les une ou plusieurs presses et/ou le moule,
dans lequel le mécanisme de vibration est de préférence configuré pour faire vibrer
les presses et/ou le moule avec une fréquence pendant le pressage la presse à travers
l'ouverture (3) qui est supérieure à la fréquence pendant l'agencement de matériau
en béton dans l'ouverture continue, dans lequel le mécanisme de vibration est facultativement
configuré pour amener les presses et/ou le moule à vibrer pendant le pressage la presse
à travers l'ouverture plus longtemps que pendant l'agencement de matériau en béton
dans l'ouverture continue.
13. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 12, dans lequel le matériau
en béton est un matériau en béton de terre humide et/ou un matériau en béton auto-compactant.
14. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 13, le système comprenant une
unité d'application d'adhésif pour appliquer au moins une couche adhésive sur le côté
plat d'un élément partiel de revêtement (21, 22).