[0001] The present invention relates to a heat exchanger for heating a fluid, in particular
for heating a coolant, wherein the heat exchanger comprises tube bodies and at least
one thick-film resistor.
[0002] For heating a fluid with a heat exchanger, the fluid usually flows through the heat
exchanger. Within the heat exchanger, heat is transferred to the fluid in order to
heat the fluid. In generic heat exchangers, heat is generated by the consumption of
electric power.
[0003] For this purpose, it is known to use positive temperature coefficient elements, also
known to the skilled person as PTC-elements. Corresponding heat exchangers typically
comprise tube bodies which delimit a flow path of the fluid to be heated. The PTC-elements
are connected to the tube bodies in a heat transferring manner, thereby, in operation,
heating the fluid flowing through the tube bodies. In most applications the PTC-elements
are arranged outside the tube bodies, in particular for the protection of the PTC-elements
and/or for avoiding electric interaction of the PTC-elements with the fluid.
[0004] These heat exchangers are usually manufactured by arranging single PTC-elements,
commonly in a successive manner, on a corresponding tube body. This leads to a complicated
and expensive manufacture of the heat exchangers.
[0005] Due to the temperature dependency of their electrical resistance PTC-elements are
appreciated for their heating behaviour. However, the temperature dependent electrical
resistance undergoes a minimal resistance with at a so-called critical temperature.
This behaviour leads to a peak of current flowing through the PTC-element at the critical
temperature. This peak means a considerable load for the electric components of the
heat exchanger and/or neighbouring components and can lead to their failure.
[0006] It is therefore known to use alternative electric heating elements. Thick-film resistors
might be used here because of their availability and their cost-effective production.
[0007] A corresponding heat exchanger might comprise a single tube body on which a thick-film
resistor is arranged. Such a heat exchanger, however, is expensive and comprises a
low efficiency.
[0008] As an alternative, the heat exchanger could comprise several tube bodies. In such
a heat exchanger, a corresponding thick-film resistors could be arranged on each tube
body. This, however, leads to a complicated and complex manufacture of the heat exchanger.
Moreover, the construction size is rather big and/or the heating efficiency is rather
low.
[0009] The problem addressed by the present invention is therefore the disclosure of an
improved, or at least an alternative, form of embodiment of a heat exchanger for heating
a fluid, which is in particular characterized by a simplified manufacture and/or a
reduced construction size and/or an increased heating efficiency.
[0010] According to the invention, this problem is solved by the subject matter of the independent
claim 1. Advantageous forms of embodiment are the subject matter of the dependent
claims.
[0011] The present invention is based on the general idea of, in a heat exchanger for heating
a fluid, providing at least two tube bodies through which the fluid flows and of arranging
a thick-film resistor produced separate from the tube bodies on the outer surface
of at least one of the tube bodies and connecting the thick-film resistor to the next
neighbouring tube body in a heat transferring manner. By arranging the thick-film
resistor on the surface of the corresponding tube body, a simplified manufacture of
the heat exchanger and a reduced construction size are achieved. Moreover, by connecting
the thick-film resistor to the next neighbouring tube body in a heat transferring
manner, heat is also transferred to the next neighbouring tube body and hence to the
fluid flowing through the tube body.
[0012] In accordance with the general idea of the invention the heat exchanger, in operation,
heats the fluid. The fluid, in operation, flows through the at least two tube bodies.
The heat exchanger thus comprises at least two tube bodies. Each tube body extends
in a direction in which the fluid flows through the tube body. This direction is also
referred to as extension direction in the following. Each tube body is further circumferentially
enclosed and thus in circumferential direction. As a result, each tube body delimits
a flow path of the fluid along the extension direction. The tube bodies are distanced
to another transverse to the extension direction. That is, the tube bodies are distanced
to another in a distance direction transverse to the extension direction. A thick-film
resistor produced separately from the tube bodies is arranged on an outer surface
of at least one of the tube bodies. The thick-form resistor is connected to the outer
surface of the corresponding tube body. The thick-film resistor is further thermally
connected to the next neighbouring tube, wherein the thermal connection is achieved
by a thermal interface material. That is, an interface made of thermal interface material
is, on the side of the thick-film resistor averted from the corresponding tube body,
arranged between the thick-film resistor and the outer surface of the next neighbouring
tube body and connects the thick-film resistor to the next neighbouring tube body
in a heat transferring manner. This interface is hereinafter also referred to as outer
interface.
[0013] In operation, the at least one thick-film resistor is electrically supplied and generates
heat. The heat exchanger is therefore an electric heat exchanger.
[0014] In operation, the fluid flows along the flow path through the tube bodies, wherein
heat is transferred to the fluid from the at least one thick-film resistor via the
tube bodies.
[0015] The separate production of the thick-film resistor, in particular, means that the
thick-film resistor is a separately produced element/component which is connected
to the outer surface of the corresponding tube body.
[0016] The connection of the thick-film resistor on the outer side of corresponding tube
body, in particular, means that the thick-film resistor is attached to the outer surface.
[0017] Preferably, at least one of the at least one thick-film resistors is directly connected
to the outer surface of the corresponding tube body. This leads to improved heat transfer
between the thick-film resistor and the corresponding tube body and thus to increased
heating efficiency.
[0018] Directly connected, in particular, means that the thick-film resistor directly contacts
the outer surface of the corresponding tube body. In case the tube body is electrically
conducting, a thin electrically insulating layer is preferably arranged between the
thick-film resistor and the outer surface of the corresponding tube body. The insulting
layer can be a dielectric layer that might be produced directly on the outer surface,
for instance by means of oxidation of the outer surface.
[0019] As an alternative to the direct connection, at least one of the at least one thick-film
resistors can be connected to the outer surface of the corresponding tube body by
means of an intermediate layer for increasing heat transfer between the thick-film
resistor and the outer surface of the corresponding tube body.
[0020] In advantageous forms of embodiment, the intermediate layer is a thermal interface
material. That is, according to advantageous forms of embodiment, an interface made
of a thermal interface material is arranged between the thick-film resistor and the
outer surface of the corresponding tube body, wherein the interface connects the thick-film
resistor to the corresponding tube body in a heat transferring manner. This interface
is also referred to an inner interface hereinafter.
[0021] Each interface, that is inner interface and outer interface, allows to adjust the
amount of heat transferred from the thick-film resistor to the corresponding outer
surface, for instance by means of the thickness and/or heat transfer coefficient of
the interface. This allows for a control heat transfer to each tube body and thus
a controlled and improved operation of the heat exchanger. The at least one outer
interface and at least one inner interface can in particular, by means of their thickness
and/or heat transfer coefficient, be such that, in operation, each tube body receives
substantially the same amount of heat. This leads to a substantially equal/homogenous
heating of fluid flowing through all tube bodies and thus to an increased heating
efficiency.
[0022] At least one of the at least two tube bodies is advantageously made of a metal or
an alloy. This leads to improved thermal conductivity of the tube body and thus an
improved heat transfer from the at least one thick-film resistor to the fluid. Preferably,
at least one of the at least two tube bodies is made of aluminium or an aluminium
alloy.
[0023] Each tube body can generally have an arbitrary shape. It is for instance possible
that at least one of the at least two tube bodies has a circular shape and/or cross
section.
[0024] Preferably, at least one of the at least two tube bodies is a flat tube. The tube
body thus has two opposing flat sides. This leads to a reduced construction size of
the heat exchanger.
[0025] A flat tube further allows a simplified and large-scale connection and contact of
the thick-film resistor to the flat side of the tube body. It is therefore preferred,
if at least one of the at least one thick-film resistors is arranged on the flat side
of the corresponding flat tube. In particular, the thick-film resistor is only arranged
on at least one of the flat sides. In particular, the thick-film resistor is only
arranged on one of the flat sides.
[0026] Each flat tube can be manufactured in an arbitrary manner. For instance, the flat
tube can be extruded, brazed, welded, die-casted or the like.
[0027] Each thick-film resistor can in general be of any kind known by the skilled person.
[0028] Each thick-film resistor advantageously comprises two or more layers. Preferably
at least one of the at least one layers is a dielectric layer.
[0029] Each thick-film resistor advantageously has a substantially even thickness along
the extension direction.
[0030] The distanced arrangement of the at least two tube bodies in distance direction leads
to a gap between the next neighbouring tube bodies.
[0031] Preferably, each gap is filled by the outer interface and one such thick-film resistor,
and if so by the inner interface.
[0032] The thermal interface material is in particular known to the skilled person as "TIM".
The thermal interface material can generally be of any kind, provided that it improves
the thermal conductivity between corresponding outer surface and the thick-film resistor.
[0033] The thermal interface material can be electrically isolating. This is preferably
achieved by providing the thick-film resistor with at least one di-electric layer.
In a variant, the isolation can be partially or completely achieved by designing the
thermal interface material itself isolating.
[0034] Preferably, the interface is arranged between the corresponding thick-film resistor
and the corresponding tube body. Preferably, the interface is in contact with the
corresponding thick-film resistor and the corresponding tube body.
[0035] The thermal interface material and thus the interface is advantageously insulating,
that is an electric insulator.
[0036] Preferably, the thermal interface material comprises silicone and/or is silicone.
[0037] The manufacture of the heat exchanger is simplified and the heat transfer is improved,
if the interface is potted between the corresponding thick-film resistor and the corresponding
outer surface. As an alternative, the interface can be applied as an isolation foil
or the like.
[0038] In general, a thick-film resistor can be applied on each of the at least two tube
bodies.
[0039] In favourable forms of embodiment, the heat exchanger comprises three or more tube
bodies, wherein one of the tube bodies is free of thick-film resistors. That is, the
heat exchanger comprises a total number of N tube bodies, wherein N is equal to or
larger than three. On N - 1 of the tube bodies such a thick-film resistor is arranged
and one of the tube bodies is free of thick-film resistors.
[0040] In preferred forms of embodiment, the heat exchanger comprises three tube bodies
distanced to another in distance direction. The heat exchanger thus comprises two
outer tube bodies and a centre tube body arranged between the two outer tube bodies
in distance direction. Preferably, on each of the outer tube bodies a corresponding
thick-film resistor is arranged and connected thereto, whereas the centre tube body
itself is free of thick-film resistors. Appropriately, each thick-film resistor is
arranged on the side of the corresponding outer tube body which faces the centre tube
body. Moreover, an interface is arranged between each of the thick-film resistors
and the centre tube body. In this way, by using two thick-film resistors three tube
bodies are heated. Thus the heat exchanger has a size and cost reduced design. At
the same time, the heat exchanger comprises an improved efficiency.
[0041] According to advantageous forms of embodiment, the heat exchanger is designed in
a manner that, in operation, over 50%, preferably two-thirds (2/3), of total transferred
heat of each thick-film resistor is transferred to the corresponding tube body, that
is the corresponding outer tube body, and less than 50%, preferably one-third (1/3),
is transferred to the centre tube body. As a result, each of the tube bodies receives
an equal ratio of the total transferred heat. Hence, the fluid is heated homogenously.
The homogenous heating is improved by the provision of equal thick-film resistors.
The homogenous heating can be further improved by equal thick-firm resistors and/or
equal tube bodies.
[0042] The mentioned different heat transfer rates can be achieved by any measure. In general,
the heat transfer ratio can be adjusted by adapting the thickness and/or thermal coefficient
of the interfaces.
[0043] Hence, in advantageous forms embodiment, such an inner interface is arranged between
each thick-film resistor and the outer surface of the corresponding outer tube body.
[0044] In preferred forms embodiment, a thickness of the outer interfaces and a thickness
of the inner interfaces and/or a heat transfer coefficient of the outer interfaces
and a heat transfer coefficient of the inner interfaces are in such relation that
over 50% of total transferred heat of each thick-film resistor is transferred to the
corresponding outer tube body and less than 50% is transferred to the centre tube
body. More preferably, the thickness of the outer interfaces and the thickness of
the inner interfaces and/or a heat transfer coefficient of the outer interfaces and
a heat transfer coefficient of the inner interfaces are in such relation that 2/3
of total transferred heat of each thick-film resistor is transferred to the corresponding
outer tube body and 1/3 is transferred to the centre tube body.
[0045] Each of the at least one interfaces can have any thickness along the distance direction.
[0046] Advantageously, the at least one inner interface has smaller thickness than the at
least one outer interface.
[0047] In preferred forms of embodiment, at least one of the at least one interfaces has
a thickness of between 50 µm and 300 µm, in particular between 100 µm and 250 µm,
for instance between 150 µm and 250 µm, preferably between 175 µm and 225 µm, for
instance 200 µm. These ranges of thickness in particular lead to the advantageous
heat transfer ratios of the thick-film resistor to the corresponding tube body and
the next neighbouring tube body.
[0048] The heat transfer ratio can, in an alternative or additional manner, be adjusted
by applying a material with a reduced heat transfer coefficient. This allows to use
a thinner interface. By doing so, the thickness of the interface can be reduced. As
a result, the interface can comprise a smaller thickness, e.g. 50 µm.
[0049] The heat exchanger can be used for heating any fluid. The heat exchanger can for
example be used to heat air, wherein the heated air can be supplied to a subsequent
application. The heat exchange can for instance be part of an air conditioner.
[0050] The heat exchanger can also be used for heating a coolant, for instance of a vehicle
and/or an air conditioner and/or a traction battery.
[0051] Further important characteristics and advantages of the invention proceed from the
sub-claims, the drawings and the associated description of the figures, with reference
to the drawings.
[0052] It is understood that the above-mentioned characteristics, and those to be described
hereinafter, are not only applicable in the respective combination indicated, but
also in other combinations, or in isolation, without departing from the scope of the
present invention.
[0053] Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are represented in the drawings
and described in greater detail in the following description, wherein identical reference
numbers identify identical, similar or functionally equivalent components.
[0054] In the figures, schematically in each case:
- Fig. 1
- shows a highly simplified, schematic-type view of a cycle with a heat exchanger,
- Fig. 2
- shows a section through the heat exchanger,
- Fig. 3
- shows the section of Figure 2 in another exemplary embodiment.
[0055] A heat exchanger 1, as shown in Figures 1 to 3 by way of example, can be part of
a cycle 2 which is shown in Figure 1 by way of example. The heat exchanger 1 serves
to heat a fluid. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the heat exchanger 1, in operation,
heats a coolant as fluid. The fluid circulates through the cycle 2. The cycle 2 might
comprise a pump (not shown) for this purpose. The cycle 2 and/or the heat exchanger
1 can be part of an otherwise not shown vehicle 15.
[0056] As can be seen in Figures 2m and 3, the heat exchanger 1 comprises at least two tube
bodies 3 through which the fluid flows. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the heat
exchanger 1 comprises a total of three tube bodies 3, wherein the tube bodies 3 are
identical. In the exemplary embodiments shown, each tube body 3 is a flat tube 4 with
two opposing flat sides 5. Each tube body 3 might be made of metal or an alloy, preferably
of aluminium or an aluminium alloy. Each tube body 3 extends in a direction 6, in
which the tube body 3 is flown through by the fluid. This direction is also referred
to as extension direction 6 in the following. Thus, each tube body 3 extends in extension
direction 6 and is enclosed in a circumferential direction 7 and thereby delimits
a flow path 8 of the fluid along the extension direction 6. The tube bodies 3 are
distanced to another transverse to the extension direction 6 and thus in a direction
9 transverse to the extension direction 6, wherein this direction 9 is also referred
to as distance direction 9 in the following. The heat exchanger 1, In the exemplary
embodiments shown in Figures 2 and 3, thus comprises, in distance direction 9, two
outer tube bodies 3a and one centre tube body 3b arranged between the outer tube bodies
3a. The tube bodies 3 are arranged such that flat sides 5 of the tube bodies 3 follow
each other in distance direction 9. Due to the distanced arrangement of the tube bodies
3 a gap 10 is arranged between the neighbouring tube bodies 3.
[0057] According to the invention, a thick-film resistor 11 produced separately from the
tube bodies 3 is arranged on an outer surface 12 of at least one of the at least two
tube bodies 3 and connected to the outer surface 12 of the corresponding tube body
3. The thick-film resistor 11 is thus an element 18 connected to the outer surface
12 of the corresponding tube body 3. In addition, an interface 13 made of a thermal
interface material is, on the side of the thick-film resistor 11 averted from the
corresponding tube body 3, arranged between the thick-film resistor 11 and the outer
surface 12 of the next neighbouring tube body 3. The interface is also referred to
as outer interface 13 hereinafter. The outer interface 13 connects the thick-film
resistor 11 to the next neighbouring tube body 3 in a heat transferring manner. Each
of the thick-film resistor 11 can comprise two or more layers (not shown), wherein
at least one of the layers can be dielectric.
[0058] In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 2, the respective thick-film resistor
11 is directly connected to the outer surface 12 of the corresponding tube body 3.
[0059] In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, an interface 17 made of a thermal
interface material is arranged between the respective thick-film resistor 11 and the
outer surface 12 of the corresponding tube body 3 and connects the thick-film resistor
11 to the corresponding tube body 3 in a heat transferring manner.
[0060] Each interface material can be electrically insulating and is preferably silicone.
[0061] In the exemplary embodiments shown in Figures 2 and 3, the respective thick-film
resistor 11 is arranged on and connected to the outer surface 12 of the outer tube
bodies 3a. Thus the number of tube bodies 3 with a corresponding thick-film resistor
11 is one less than the total number of tube bodies 3. That is, in the exemplary embodiments
shown the heat exchanger 1 comprises a total number of three tube bodies 3 and two
thick-film resistors 11, wherein one of the tube bodies 3, in the exemplary embodiments
shown the centre tube body 3b is free of thick-film resistors 11 itself.
[0062] In the exemplary embodiment shown, a thick-film resistor 13 is arranged on and connected
to solely the outer surface 12 of the flat side 5 facing the centre tube body 3b.
In addition, in the exemplary embodiments shown, such an interface 13 is arranged
between each thick-film resistor 11 and the flat side 5 of the centre tube body 3b.
[0063] Each of the outer interfaces 13 can be potted between the corresponding flat side
5 of the centre tube body 3b and the corresponding thick-film resistor 11. In the
exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, each of the inner interfaces 17 can be potted
between the corresponding flat side 5 of the outer tube body 3a and the corresponding
thick-film resistor 11. Thus, in the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 2, each
gap 10 is filled with a thick-film resistor 11 and an outer interface 13. Moreover,
in the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, each gap 10 is filled with a thick-film
resistor 11, an outer interface 13 and an inner interface 17.
[0064] In the exemplary embodiments shown, the outer interfaces 13 and the thick-film resistors
11 are identical, respectively. In the exemplary embodiments shown in Figure 3, the
inner interfaces 17 are identical.
[0065] In the exemplary embodiments shown, the tube bodies 3, in extension direction 6,
project the outer interfaces 13 and the thick-film resistors 11. In the exemplary
embodiments shown in Figure 3, the tube bodies 3, in extension direction 6, project
the inner interfaces 17. That is, the tube bodies 3 are, in extension direction 6,
longer than the interfaces 13, 17 and the thick-film resistors 11.
[0066] Each interface 13, 17 extends in distance direction 9 and thus comprises a thickness
14. That is, each outer interface 13 has a thickness 14a, also referred to as outer
thickness 14a hereinafter, and each inner interface 17 has a thickness 14b, also referred
to as inner thickness 14b hereinafter. The thickness 14 of each interface 13, 17 is
advantageously between 50 µm and 300 µm, for instance 200 and thus 0,2 mm, wherein
the interfaces 13, 17 are shown exaggerated relative to the tube bodies 3 for comprehensive
reasons. The thick-film resistors 11 might have thicknesses (not shown) similar to
the outer interfaces 13.
[0067] Each of the thick-film resistors 11, in operation and thus when electrically supplied,
generates heat. The heat is transferred to the next neighbouring tube body 3 via the
corresponding outer interface 13. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 2 the
heat is further directly transferred to corresponding tube body 3. In the exemplary
embodiment shown in Figure 3 this heat is further transferred to the corresponding
tube body 3 via the corresponding inner interface 13.
[0068] As indicated by thick arrows 16 in Figures 2 and 3, in the exemplary embodiments
shown and preferably, the heat exchanger 1 is designed in a manner that the ratio
of heat transferred from each thick-film resistor 11 to the corresponding tube 3 to
the heat transferred to the next neighbouring tube body 3 via the outer interface
13 is substantially more than 2:1 (two to one). Thus, more than 50 % of the total
transferred heat of each thick-film resistor 11 is transferred to the corresponding
tube body and less than 50 % of the total heat, via the outer interface 13, is transferred
to the next neighbouring tube body 3. Preferably and in the exemplary embodiment shown,
substantially 2/3 (two-thirds) of the generated heat of each thick-film resistor 11
is transferred to the corresponding outer tube body 3a and substantially 1/3 (one-third)
to the centre tube body 3b via the corresponding outer interface 13. This results
in a substantially homogenous heat transfer to each tube body 3 and thus a homogeneous
heating of fluid flowing through each tube body 3. In the exemplary embodiment shown
in Figure 2 this can be achieved by using a heat transfer blocking layer (not shown)
between each thick-film resistor and the outer surface 12 of the corresponding tube
body.
[0069] In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3 said ratios are achieved by adapting
the outer interfaces 13 and the inner interfaces 17 accordingly. That is, the outer
thickness 14a of the outer interfaces 13 and the inner thickness 14b of the inner
interfaces 17 and/or a heat transfer coefficient of the outer interfaces 13 and a
heat transfer coefficient of the inner interfaces 17 are in an according relation.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3, the same interface material is used
for the outer interfaces 13 and the inner interfaces 17. The ratios are thus achieved
by the outer thickness 14a and the inner thicknesses 14b being equal, respectively,
wherein the ratio of each outer thickness 14a to each inner thickness is substantially
three to two, 14a : 14b ≈ 3 : 2.
1. Heat exchanger (1) for heating a fluid, in particular for heating a coolant,
- with at least two tube bodies (3), wherein each tube body (3) extends in an extension
direction (6) and is enclosed in a circumferential direction (7),
- wherein each tube body (3) delimits a flow path (8) of the fluid along the extension
direction (6),
- wherein the tube bodies (3) are distanced to another in a distance direction (9)
transverse to the extension direction (6),
characterized in that
- a thick-film resistor (11) separately produced from the tube bodies (3) is arranged
on an outer surface (12) of at least one of the at least two tube bodies (3) and connected
to the outer surface (12) of the corresponding tube body (3),
- an outer interface (13) made of a thermal interface material is arranged between
the thick-film resistor (11) and the outer surface (12) of the next neighbouring tube
body (3) and connects the thick-film resistor (11) to the next neighbouring tube body
(3) in a heat transferring manner.
2. Heat exchanger according to claim 1,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least one thick-film resistors (11) is directly connected to
the outer surface (12) of the corresponding tube body (3).
3. Heat exchanger according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that
an inner interface (17) made of a thermal interface material is arranged between at
least one of the at least one thick-film resistors (11) and the outer surface (12)
of the corresponding tube body (3) and connects the thick-film resistor (11) to the
corresponding tube body (3) in a heat transferring manner.
4. Heat exchanger according any of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that
- the heat exchanger (1) comprises three tube bodies (3) such that a centre tube body
(3b) is arranged between two outer tube bodies (3a),
- such a thick-film resistor (11) is arranged on the outer surface (12) of each of
the outer tube bodies (3a) facing the centre tube body (3b),
- the centre tube body (3b) is free of thick-film resistors (11),
- such an outer interface (13) is arranged between each of the thick-film resistors
(11) and the centre tube body (3b).
5. Heat exchanger according to claim 3 or 4,
characterized in that
the heat exchanger (1) is designed in a manner that, in operation, over 50% of total
transferred heat of each thick-film resistor (11) is transferred to the corresponding
outer tube body (3a) and less than 50% is transferred to the centre tube body (3a).
6. Heat exchanger according to claim 5,
characterized in that
the heat exchanger (1) is designed in a manner that, in operation, 2/3 of total transferred
heat of each thick-film resistor (11) is transferred to the corresponding outer tube
body (3a) and 1/3 is transferred to the centre tube body (3a).
7. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 4 to 6,
characterized in that
such an inner interface (17) is arranged between each thick-film resistor (11) and
the outer surface (12) of the corresponding outer tube body (3a).
8. Heat exchanger according to claim 7 and claim 5 or 6,
characterized in that
an outer thickness (14a) of the outer interfaces (13) and an inner thickness (14b)
of the inner interfaces (17) and/or a heat transfer coefficient of the outer interfaces
(13) and a heat transfer coefficient of the inner interfaces (17) are in such relation
that over 50% of total transferred heat of each thick-film resistor (11) is transferred
to the corresponding outer tube body (3a) and less than 50% is transferred to the
centre tube body (3a).
9. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 8,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least two tube bodies (3) is a flat tube (4).
10. Heat exchanger according to claim 8,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least one thick-film resistors (11) is arranged on a flat side
(5) of the corresponding tube body (3).
11. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 10,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least two tube bodies (3) is made a metal or an alloy.
12. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 11,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least one thick-film resistors (11) has at least two layers
including at least one dielectric layer.
13. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 12,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least one interfaces (13, 17) comprises silicone.
14. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 13,
characterized in that
at least one of the at least one interfaces (13, 17) is potted between the corresponding
thick-film resistor (11) and the next neighbouring tube body (3).
15. Heat exchanger according to any of claims 1 to 14,
characterized in that
- the heat exchanger (1) comprises a total number of N tube bodies (3), wherein N
is equal to or larger than three,
- on N - 1 of the tube bodies (3) has a corresponding such thick-film resistor (11)
arranged and one of the tube bodies (3) is free of thick-film resistors (11).